Purpose Of Education Essays - Education Theory,

Purpose Of Education The purpose of our modern education: The delicate tools necessary for our intellectual workshop are achieved by schooling. I suspect that our best tools are realized rather automatically, but if there is to be outside influence, then, best it is done early, as the human mind matures all too rapidly. Children are not consumed with anxiety to learn anything; least of all has it ever crossed their minds that they must learn English. How shall we teach it to them, when the few of us who have begun to know what it is know it to be a issue of accommodations, a thing with which order, method, and all that the developing mind first apprehends and rests upon have nothing to do with a single word. A kind of miraculous flowering of man's still unconscious wisdom, preserved to us as a compensation for our many blunderings, as a reward for our patience in confusion and our fundamental faith in life. Education might be defined as a social process by which, skills and beliefs, attitudes and ideas of the previous generations are passed to the new generation; it is a process, which is necessary for the maintenance, achievement and development of man in society. Gerstner States, "in the public schools we have clung tenaciously to the ideas and techniques of earlier decades and even previous centuries," proving that each generation depends on the preceding generation. This definition assumes a biological view of society, one that grows and evolves with each new generation depending on the growth of previous generations. We all come into this world uniform, and, from the start, we are obliged to turn to others; and while we need a lot of help when we are young, nature has compensated by building into the young a susceptibility to learning. So, no matter what one's view is of what an educational system should be, most will agree, best to start in while young. What is the first lesson to be? What each individual needs to know is the difference between what is naturally right and what is naturally wrong. The second lesson to be learned, is, that the individual is better off doing what is naturally right. How does one teach morals? This is an old dilemma, the teaching of virtue. It is a dilemma largely because virtue is immeasurable. Virtue is instilled likely by repeated actions, a process of trial and error, beginning at the mother's knee and to be continued by all those with whom the child has close connections, and this would certainly include the child's teachers. It takes a "good" teacher, one full of great skills and a glow for presentation of the subject; it is particularly difficult when the subject is morals or virtue. We, adult and child alike, find ourselves in a vast market where the "Culture Standardizers" provide an immediate and sensual gratification to all comers. The question before us is, what is the importance of education? One goal, as Spring states in his book American Education, is to produce reasonable citizens, ones that "commonly hold a political creed or else society is doomed to political strife or chaos" Education should be the essential method of building humane, free, and democratic societies. The aims of education are many: the transmission of knowledge; training for occupations, careers, and democratic citizenship; and the encouragement of moral growth. Dewey states, "the subject matter of education consists of bodies of information and of skills that have been worked out in the past; therefore, the chief business of the school is to transmit them to the next generation." Among its vital purposes should also be an attempt to develop the capacity for critical intelligence in both the individual and the community. Unfortunately, the schools today are being increasingly replaced by the mass media as the primary institutions of public information and education. Although the electronic media provide unparalleled opportunities for extending cultural enrichment and enjoyment, there has been a serious misdirection of their purposes. In some societies, the media serve as the vehicle of propaganda and indoctrination. In democratic society television, radio, films, and mass publishing too often cater to the lowest common denominator and have become dull wastelands. We need to believe that television directors and producers have an obligation to remedy the balance and revise their programming. The essential answer to any question usually comes out of its definition. Considering the definition set out at the first of this section, then, we might say that essentially that education is a socialization process. Is this

Genetically Modified Organisms Essays

Genetically Modified Organisms Essays Genetically Modified Organisms Essay Genetically Modified Organisms Essay What are GMOS? GMO is the abbreviation for (Genetically modified organism) also known as GEO (genetically engineered organism), which is an organism whose genetic DNA has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. Techniques used are know to be recombinant DNA technology which uses the DNA molecules from different sources, which are combined to generate a new set of genes. The DNA created is then transferred into an organism, which gives it new modified genes. In other words, the genomes of various organisms which can apply to plants, animals or microorganisms an be purposely transferred into multiple organisms using recombinant DNA technology. In modern society, Genetically modified foods is a phrase that is most common to mankind today. As scientific research begins to grow, and also the food industries, scientist are able to not only isolate specific genes and insert them into other organisms, but also incorporate genetic engineering techniques into food and crops to produce desirable traits. The introduction of genes are produced for a variety of reason whether it is to make crops disease and infection resistant or to infuse them ith extra nutrients and vitamins. : Genetically modified food is generated in the same technique as genetically modified organisms, first identified is a particular characteristic wanted for the altered DNA. In other words, using herbicide resistance for example, after attaining the gene needed from the other organism, the gene is then inserted into the food to alter its DNA to give it its newly generated DNA and the characteristic, which in this case spraying weed killer on the genetically modified rop, the crop would not be affected. Inescapably, GMOs is worldwide, all across the globe research facilities and food industries are alternating the genetics of organism using engineering techniques. Definitions of GMO has no made its way into the modern day dictionary. In other words, GMO is a big part or human nature today, including the food we eat, the magazines we read, and even the clothes we wear. Despite the organism, DNA can be created, transferred, and altered using genetic modifying techniques.

Procedural justice versus substantive justice Research Paper

Procedural justice versus substantive justice - Research Paper Example Substantive justice follows laws that define, regulate and create the obligations of certain parties, which should be carried or no carried out towards others meaning that this form of justice falls under the cause of action, but not proactive. This is such that individuals bring forth their issues to the bodies charged with the responsibility to safeguard and ensure that the obligations set for the people are followed. As such, substantive justice ensures and creates opportunities for people whose rights have been violated to present their grievances, but not to prevent this violation. Thus, it serves as a form of punitive measure to see to it that those who fail to honor their part of the bargain in relation to following a defined code and obligation face justice (Sandefur, n.d). Substantive justice applies mainly in the issue of rights, where there remains controversy as to how one can define rights under a justice system, since its origin lies in the term â€Å"due process of th e law.† Following this development in substantive justice, it is applied in the issue of rights, as a distinct characteristic in rights does not appear in other forms of law or justice. In rights, they are defined and one is obliged to pay attention to them lest they end up violating their own rights or even those of others. Substantive justice, therefore, sets guidelines within which one conducts oneself and binds one actions to the consequences. Based on the history of substantive justice as the due process of the law, guidelines ensure that there exists a definition of terms or procedures through which one must go through in order for certain events to take place. Substantive justice also sets the circumstances under which things are done and failure to which certain consequences are issued, as it provides a diverse framework, which creates the conditions that people relate to each other and how people relate with the government. It also sets out how an individual is respon sible for everything that he or she engages in, as substantive justice offers definitions , regulations and obligations to govern the above said relationships. To build more on the relationships between people and the government, it is important to look into the role of substantive justice in seeing to it that the government carries out its responsibilities or obligations. Concerning this, substantive justice creates a clear distinction between valid laws and invalid ones, which acts as a means of discerning, that which is rights and that which is wrong according to the actions of the government towards its people. Substantive justice calls for a clear definition of these standards, where those charged with the responsibility of justice are bound to come up with standards of generality, regularity, fairness, rationality and public orientation. The above is meant to apply to the activities of the people towards each other and the government towards its people, as well as the people t owards governance, which is a form of prohibition of abuse of power against the people by the government and the people towards the government (Sandefur, n.d). This is due to the high possibility of using public interests for personal gain or ends, which is common in an arbitral nature of the law, and that explains the role of substantive justice. One of the benefits of this law is its definitive nature, where it sets clear stipulations against

Maths report 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Maths report 2 - Essay Example A mathematical model is an abstract model that uses mathematical language to describe the behavior of a system. It is an accurate representation of the relationship between two or more variables relevant to a given situation or problem The process of developing such models is known as mathematical modeling. Mathematical models are used particularly in natural sciences and engineering disciplines such as physics, biology and mechanical engineering but also in social sciences such as economics and political science. Mathematical models can take many forms, including but not limited to dynamical systems, statistical models, differential equations, or game theoretic models. These and other model types can overlap, with a given model involving a variety of abstract structures. There are six primary groups of variables: decision variables, input variables, state variables, exogenous variables, random variables and output variables. Mathematical modelling problems are often classified as the black box or white box models, according to how much prior information is available from the system. In this report, the principles of mathematical modelling are used to solve problems in the real world. The model creates an accurate representation of some phenomenon for better understanding. They create matches of observation with symbolic representation and Inform Theory and assist in explanations of the problems, mathematically. Mathematical modelling has been used effectively in the above exercise to create models that have solved the problems given. The answers to those problems and the procedures used in arriving at them are clearly outlined, in the workings of each

Do IM and SMS contribute to decay of language Essay

Do IM and SMS contribute to decay of language - Essay Example The modern generation’s introduction to texting of these sorts has influenced their behaviour in academic writing (Momberg). The fact of importance to most is which kind of effect is it having. Lecturers in the universities have been attributed to having said that the use of SMS to an extent nearing generalized communication over the day has resulted in loss of punctuation and proper spellings for most of the students (Momberg). On one hand it might have been the sole reason for their to the point replies with brevity (Momberg) since they have now gotten used to it. The conciseness something that would be considered as a positive effect of instant messaging and short message service but does it even out the loss of literature's grasp itself as well or does it help evolve it? It might be interesting to note that jargon of such kind was not really introduced by texting (Crystal), it was there 50 years before the introduction of texting. English, infact, is said to have been gene ralizing abbreviations since its epoch. Words such as car, exam, ok, etc (pun intended) were often abbreviated long before the modern age. All these first forms of the words were criticised in their own time, but have now become a part of the formal english literature (Crystal). Do we consider that evolution of culture or decay of language? It is the perspective that matters. To weigh the pros and cons of such an evolution might be the way to go. In 1711, Joseph Addison is said to have criticised the abbreviation of words. These abbreviations and short words are often SMS-esque and are often blended with the modern day short messaging and texting, be it over internet or a cellphone. The text messaging differ in terms of their abbreviations over individual writing styles. Although, some standards are now settling in as trends, there is no standard style or expectation of writing a short message or an instant message (Crystal). To find the origin of the usage of abbreviations in texti ng, it is not hard to see that it was to overcome the technological bounds of typing with a cell phone’s keypad rather than a full keyboard or even, for some, due to shifting newly to a keyboard from a traditional pen and paper writing as well as to save the costs by writing the minimum amount of text characters. On the other hand is it really just this which influences the transforming of correct spellings in to, often, more complex ones which might apparently take more time and energy. David Crystal regards it as a need to play with words and sounds to form a language without barriers that pushes the trend forward to even use words and abbreviations that are rather more complex than the language they are replacing (Crystal). The trend of texting might also be used as a cover up by many who can’t actually spell. On reading a text message full of SMS jargon, you have no way to tell whether the sender can spell proper english and has done it deliberately or doesnâ€℠¢t know how to spell and is using the short message jargon as a way to escape scrutiny of the reader (Clarke). This might be of interest to those who think that sms is decaying the english language; SMS is only hiding the facts that people have abandoned reading and writing proper literature. SMS, on the other hand, might be informally educating the readers to a new trend and evolving global language. The debate between these two sides would depend on how the abbreviations and the jargon is being used. Plain writing is not the only thing that has been influenced by short messaging and instant messaging. Poetry has also come in the line of texting through these

Movie Analysis Of The Others Film Studies Essay

Movie Analysis Of The Others Film Studies Essay The Others is a film written and directed by Alejandro Amenabar. This supernatural thriller was produced in 2002, and like most films of its genre, it combines suspense, shock and unexplainable events into a truly spine tingling production. There are many aspects of fear, and the techniques used to set a chilling moment vary largely. However Amenabar believes that, leaving something to the imagination is the essence of real horror. This is achieved in the film The Others by using many presentational devices. During the opening sequence a very peculiar atmosphere is produced, slightly nervy images are shown of people looking distraught; however this contrasts with the soft cheerful melody in the background. This contrast makes the music very eerie, due to the natural feeling of something isnt right, which builds suspense because you dont understand whats wrong. The first image shown in this sequence depicts the creation of the world; the image is very open due to it being the start of life and freedom, the image is also well lit. The other images are very different, there images shown are; two children huddled on a stairway, somebody locking a door, a scared girl pointing into the dark, a dark figure reaching out to a petrified boy, a broken toy angel and a secluded house. These images create unease, the poor lighting mainly focuses on the people making them looked trapped by the unknowing dark, and this is also achieved by the picture of the secluded house also seemingly trapped by the f og. The people also look like their looking at something and coupled with the moving light which seems almost to search the images, gives the impression theres more in the images then we can see. This and also the title, The Others, gives us the impression that the people in this film are trapped with other unknown supernatural beings, giving the viewer a feeling of insecurity. Right from the beginning of the film tension is built, the opening sequence finishes and the music stops. The silence lacks any atmosphere, giving us the impression nothing is going to happen, and then suddenly it jumps to a shot of grace screaming. This shock makes the audience jump, also making them suspect more shocks. However the first three scenes lack these, making the tension increase, and as the pace of the music increases, the audience are on the edge of the seats suspecting the worst. They start to imagine what they believe is going to happen, fearing it. But they are dealt with continuous anti climaxes, but the tension builds as they all know something is going to happen soon, then when the music stops and all seems calm they are dealt with a shock when they least aspect it. The first scene also gives our first look of the outside of the house. Its looks very isolated, and with the additional fog surrounding all, the large house almost seems like a prison. This feeling is completed in scene two when the servants meet the children. Grace starts to lock all the doors, Amenabar also adds to the feeling of imprisonment by reducing the light significantly by making the servants shut the curtains. This creates anxiety and due to the strong character of grace the audience may start to fear for the unmet children. We start to feel anxious to meet the children, Amenabar uses this to create unease. The music stops and unexpectedly an eerie chanting starts, at this point we dont know what to expect and the camera pans around to behind the servants so we cant see what the servant can, this creates even more tension. Furthermore, a major way Amenabar creates tension and suspense is via the use of lighting. The setting of the film is encaged in darkness; this is due to the children being photosensitive. However this darkness creates uncertainty for the characters and the audience inhibiting what they can see happening. This senses of unease increases as the characters become more suspicious of the others in their house. The use of light is especially apparent in a scene I will refer to for the purpose of this essay, the bedroom scene. In this scene both Anne and Nicholas are in bed, suddenly Anne wakes up Nicholas complaining that Victor had been messing with the curtains. However during this scene, due to the lighting, only the childrens faces are visible. This makes the audience ponder the question if there really is someone by the curtains. In this scene, Amenabar deliberately makes the scene uncertain allowing it to be interoperated in two different ways; this is particularly evident when Anne is talking to Victor. This is achieved by the use of camera angles, both the audience and Nicholas can hear a strange voice, but due to the camera showing only the back of Anne, we cant tell if she is putting it on her not. Additionally when Nicholas believes Anne is just trying to scare him, she tells Victor to touch his cheek. As this is happening, the director uses background music to build up tension. Furthermore the camera zooms into Nicholas face so the audience is unaware of what is happening in the room. Suddenly there are numerous unsettling sounds such as banging footsteps; this combined with the climaxing music increases the tension. As the tension is at a peak silence echoes, and a mysterious hand reaches out for Nicholass face. Nicholas erupts into hysteric screams, this stuns the audience. In addition, sound is also used to create suspense. This is especially effective in the scene I will refer to as the piano scene. The scene starts with grace sat on the stairs, crying in the darkness of a candle. However faint music suddenly becomes audible, so grace goes to investigate. Tension is built for the audience as they can see the apprehension and fear Grace has of what she will find as she creeps down the stairs clutching a shotgun. The music leads her to the piano room, and as she reaches for the door handle the door creaks open and the music suddenly stops. However every door in her house is usually locked, this strange change gives the audience a feeling that there is something wrong. As Grace inspects the room, the director again plays music giving the audience the impression something is there. However as the music dies, the audience are dealt with an anticlimax. Grace leaves the room, and as the camera starts to zoom in on the door it suddenly slams shut while an eer ie scream can be heard. Due to the audiences tension being released as grace realises there is nothing in the room, this creates an expected shock. Grace, who fell to the floor, stands up and tries to open the door in fright, however it is now locked. When the summoned house keeper unlocks the door, the room is scanned by the camera, but there is nothing to be seen but a previously closed piano gleaming in the moon light. Grace is physically shocked; this can be seen as she brings her hands to her chest. Another notable effect regarding lighting in this scene is that, at the beginning Graces face is extremely orange. This saturated look looks remarkably like old photos, which is relevant as the audience will later find out that she is in fact deceased. Lastly, these effects are also apparent in the Grave Scene. In this scene, camera techniques are used very efficiently. The main method used is a technique called crosscutting; this is where the camera shot switches between scenes, it is used to show things happening at the same time. This technique creates suspense because it allows the audience to gather information the characters dont know. This technique can also increase the urgency of a scene. This is applied to this scene as, Nicholas and Anne go looking for their father. Lost within the fog, often used in horror films to present something being hidden, they find some gravestones. As she reads their inscriptions, her facial expressions clearly show the feeling of shocked and fear. However the scene suddenly cuts to Grace, who also goes through the same emotions as she discovers a picture of her servants, sat dead. The scene then cuts back to the children, as Anne stands speechless the servants miraculously appear. As Anne shou ts at Nicholas to run the camera pans onto him. Here the director uses another technique; he switches the focus between the foreground and the background. At first Nicholas can be seen clearly with the servants not in focus in the distance, however these switch so the servants can be seen clearly and Nicholas instead is not in focus. This creates a great amount of suspense, this because this effect gives the impression that the servants are getting considerably closer, where as Nicholas is yet to move. As Anne and Nicholas finally run away, the scene once again cuts to Grace who is distraughtly looking for her children, here the two split scenes merge as the kids run into her. The climaxing music also adds to the tension in the scene. In conclusion Alejandro Amenabar uses various presentational devices to create suspense during the film. These include the use of lighting, camera angles and sound. However unlike most modern films of this genre special effects arent really used, but this does not affect the overall apprehension created during the film. Tension is created in every scene using a wide variety of techniques, therefore I believe that Alejandro Amenabar creates suspense effectively, making The Others a great film to watch.

Police Use of Excessive Force Against Asian Americans :: Argument Argumentative Persuasive

Police Use of Excessive Force Against Asian Americans On July 13, 2003, the death of Cau Thi Bich Tran, a 25 year-old Vietnamese mother of two, stirred up the hearts of many in the Asian American community. According to the police, officer Chad Marshall and his partner responded to a 911 call from Ms. Tran’s neighborhood claiming that an unsupervised toddler was roaming the streets. The policemen arrived at Tran’s home and were let in by Dang Bui, the father of the two boys, who did not know what was going on at that time. Chad Marshall entered the house and in less than a minute, had shot Ms. Tran through the chest. The police claim that Ms. Tran yelled at Marshall to get out and grabbed an Asian vegetable peeler to throw at him. Marshall then ordered the petite woman to drop the â€Å"weapon† several times. Dang Bui argues that this wasn’t the case. He witnessed no order from the policeman to drop the weapon nor did the officer identify himself. Dang Bui also noted that Ms. Tran spoke very limited English and would not have been able to order the police to leave her house. Cau Thi Bich Tran’s killing has left many in the Asian American community not only outraged but also cynical about law enforcement. The incredibly short amount of time the policemen took before killing Ms. Tran leads us to believe that the police were careless and did not take the time to investigate the situation, but rather jumped to conclusions, resulting in the death of an innocent person. Chad Marshall saw the six-inch peeler Ms. Tran was holding as a threat and instantly killed her to protect himself. Instead of retreating, using voice commands, tasers, baton or pepper spray, Officer Marshall chose to escalate the situation by applying deadly force. After the killing, the court did not indict Officer Marshall. The question arises as to why he did not exercise other options rather than shooting her dead on the spot, and why we can let such a person casually wander the streets to protect others. This case shows that the San Jose police lack language skills and cult ural sensitivity, and they are allowed to kill with impunity, taking no responsibility for their own actions. Police Use of Excessive Force Against Asian Americans :: Argument Argumentative Persuasive Police Use of Excessive Force Against Asian Americans On July 13, 2003, the death of Cau Thi Bich Tran, a 25 year-old Vietnamese mother of two, stirred up the hearts of many in the Asian American community. According to the police, officer Chad Marshall and his partner responded to a 911 call from Ms. Tran’s neighborhood claiming that an unsupervised toddler was roaming the streets. The policemen arrived at Tran’s home and were let in by Dang Bui, the father of the two boys, who did not know what was going on at that time. Chad Marshall entered the house and in less than a minute, had shot Ms. Tran through the chest. The police claim that Ms. Tran yelled at Marshall to get out and grabbed an Asian vegetable peeler to throw at him. Marshall then ordered the petite woman to drop the â€Å"weapon† several times. Dang Bui argues that this wasn’t the case. He witnessed no order from the policeman to drop the weapon nor did the officer identify himself. Dang Bui also noted that Ms. Tran spoke very limited English and would not have been able to order the police to leave her house. Cau Thi Bich Tran’s killing has left many in the Asian American community not only outraged but also cynical about law enforcement. The incredibly short amount of time the policemen took before killing Ms. Tran leads us to believe that the police were careless and did not take the time to investigate the situation, but rather jumped to conclusions, resulting in the death of an innocent person. Chad Marshall saw the six-inch peeler Ms. Tran was holding as a threat and instantly killed her to protect himself. Instead of retreating, using voice commands, tasers, baton or pepper spray, Officer Marshall chose to escalate the situation by applying deadly force. After the killing, the court did not indict Officer Marshall. The question arises as to why he did not exercise other options rather than shooting her dead on the spot, and why we can let such a person casually wander the streets to protect others. This case shows that the San Jose police lack language skills and cult ural sensitivity, and they are allowed to kill with impunity, taking no responsibility for their own actions.

Power point presentation on racism Essay

Definition of Racism rac*ism n (1936) 1 : a belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race 2 : racial prejudice or discrimination Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary Segregation The separation of groups of people by custom or by law. It is often based on differences of race, religion, wealth, or culture. The first major challenges to racial segregation in Canada occurred in 1946 when Viola Desmond, a black businesswoman, refused to sit in the balcony of a New Glasgow, Nova Scotia, theater but instead sat downstairs, an area designated exclusively for whites. Viola Desmond’s action occurred nine years before Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white man on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama Causes of segregation Media examples of racism What is racism? The holding of derogatory social attitudes or cognitive beliefs towards members of a particular group on the account of their membership to that group What is racism? The ICERD (International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination) defines racism as follows: â€Å"Any distinction, exclusion, restriction, or preference based on race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment, or exercise, on equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, or any other field of public life.† Social function of prejudice & racism Prejudice and racism may be a necessary means of creating scapegoats for individual or groups that feel threatened It may be due to socialization (e.g. authoritarian personality) It may be the animal instinct of territoriality and feral restraint. It may be mere bigotry and ignorance It may be egotism and inflexible ethnocentrism Elements of racism an underlying belief in the superiority of one race over another and its right to dominate. generalizing one group of people by believing in simplistic stereotypes of that group. affects every aspect of the lives of communities of colour: social, economic, political, health, etc. Elements of racism Prejudice: A preconceived, unreasonable judgement or opinion of people or situations. Where prejudice is negative it often results in harmful or unfavourable consequences for the victim Prejudice may have social & biological basis Stereotypes and their function Stereotypes are relatively fixed sets of oversimplified beliefs about people or events Stereotypes are often over generalisations about people and their assumed defining characteristics Social cognitive theories of prejudice & stereotyping Prejudice and discrimination may stem from the misuse of: 1)cognitive heuristics 2)categorisation and stereotyping of in-groups and out-groups 3)information processing and the inability to deal with complex data (need for shortcuts) Racism types Individual racism refers to the prejudicial beliefs and discriminatory behavior of individuals. Institutional racism refers to the policies that restrict the opportunities of minorities.

Writing About The Cost Of Surveillance Intervention For TB In India ((

Writing About The Cost Of Surveillance Intervention For TB In India (( Writing About The Cost Of Surveillance Intervention For TB In India (( See The Instructions To Fully – Coursework Example Cost of Surveillance Intervention for TB in India ​How Mr. Zuckerberg and His Advisory Panel Can Utilize the $25m Budget The materials used in the surveillance will include sampling devices that identify super spreaders who spit out live TB bacteria. The devices will cost $3M. The materials used for surveillance will include the sampling devices and ordinary surveillance systems, such as case reporting in hospitals. Second, training and educating the stakeholders about the subject matter is a prerequisite to addressing the problem of tuberculosis effectively. In this budget component, each person will be allocate $3,000 that will cater for accommodation, stipend, travel cost, training materials, and food. The protection of healthcare providers is also important; therefore, the cost of ear loop facemasks and those installed with satellite tracking will be a requirement. Simple disposable facemasks costs $5-10 for a pack of 50, however, the facemask with a satellite system and c ough samplers is not available commercially, as it is being used in ongoing studies; therefore, the cost per mask is unknown (Voice of America, 2014). Reporting of cases on the field will be through mailing services, telephone, and the Internet. This budget component for communication will cost $10,000 to cover any overloads that may occur. In addition, writing materials will cost $3 each and over 500 units will be required.The main screening technique used is the sputum-smear, which should be offered as a health drive. Consequently, a conventional TB test normally costs around $60 per person. In addition, using first line drugs in chemotherapy will be required. For requirement, the budget will cater for the cost of treating TB, which averages $30,000 (MDR TB) and $10, 845 for normal TB per person (Rajbhandary, Marks, & Bock, 2004, p. 1012). The cost includes the price of drugs, monitoring and hospitalization cost. ReferenceRajbhandary, S. S., Marks, S. M., & Bock, N. N. (2004). Cos ts of patients hospitalized for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 8(8), 1012-6.Voice of America. (2014). New tools to fight tuberculosis, but drug resistance looms. Retrieved: from http://allafrica.com/view/resource/main/main/id/00081101.html

Emilia in Shakespeares Othello

Emilia in Shakespeare's 'Othello' From her first introduction, Emilia in Shakespeares Othello is ridiculed and chided by her husband Iago: â€Å"Sir, would she give you so much of her lips/As of her tongue she oft bestows on me,/You would have enough† (Iago, Act 2, Scene 1). This particular line is prophetic in that Emilia’s testimony at the end of the play, relating to how Cassio came by the handkerchief, leads directly to Iago’s downfall. Emilia Analysis Emilia is perceptive and cynical, maybe as a result of her relationship with Iago. She is the first to suggest that somebody is telling Othello untruths about Desdemona; â€Å"The Moor’s abused by some most villainous knave./Some base, notorious knave† (Act 4 Scene 2, Line 143-5).​ Unfortunately, she does not identify her own husband as the perpetrator until it is too late: â€Å"You told a lie, an odious, damned lie† (Act 5 Scene 2, Line 187). In order to please him, Emilia gives Iago Desdemona’s handkerchief, which leads to her best friend’s condemnation, but this is not done out of spite but to garner a little praise or love from her husband Iago, who rewards her with the line; â€Å"O good wench give it to me† (Act 3 Scene 3, Line 319). In a conversation with Desdemona, Emilia does not condemn a woman for having an affair: But I do think it is their husbands faultsIf wives do fall: say that they slack their duties,And pour our treasures into foreign laps,Or else break out in peevish jealousies,Throwing restraint upon us; or say they strike us,Or scant our former having in despite;Why, we have galls, and though we have some grace,Yet have we some revenge. Let husbands knowTheir wives have sense like them: they see and smellAnd have their palates both for sweet and sour,As husbands have. What is it that they doWhen they change us for others? Is it sport?I think it is: and doth affection breed it?I think it doth: ist frailty that thus errs?It is so too: and have not we affections,Desires for sport, and frailty, as men have?Then let them use us well: else let them know,The ills we do, their ills instruct us so (Act 5 Scene 1). Emilia blames the man in the relationship for driving her to it. â€Å"But I do think it is their husband’s faults If wives do fall.† This speaks volumes for her relationship with Iago and does insinuate that she would not be averse to the idea of an affair; which corroborates the rumors about her and Othello, although she denies them. Also, her loyalty to Desdemona may belie this rumor too. An audience would not judge Emilia too harshly for her views, knowing Iago’s true nature. Emilia and Othello Emilia judges jealous Othello’s behavior harshly and warns Desdemona off him; â€Å"I would you had never seen him† (Act 4 Scene 2, Line 17). This demonstrates her loyalty and that she judges men based on her own experience. Having said this, it may well have been better if Desdemona had never set eyes on Othello, given the outcome. Emilia even bravely challenges Othello when she discovers he has murdered Desdemona: â€Å"O the more angel she, and you the blacker devil!† (Act 5 Scene 2, Line 140). Emilia’s role in Othello is key, her part in taking the handkerchief leads to Othello falling for Iago’s lies more fully. She discovers Othello as Desdemona’s murderer and uncovers her husband’s plot which she exposes; â€Å"I will not charm my tongue. I am bound to speak† (Act 5 Scene 2, Line 191). This leads to Iago’s eventual downfall and sadly her own murder as her husband kills her. She demonstrates her strength and honesty by exposing her husband and challenging Othello for his behavior. She remains loyal to her mistress throughout and even asks to join her on her deathbed as she herself dies. Unfortunately, these two strong, perceptive, loyal women are killed off but, at the same time, they could be considered the heroes of the piece.

MATH 1)NUMBER SYSTEMS 2)PYTHAGOREAN BROTHERHOOD 3)BOOK 'HOW TO SOLVE Essay

MATH 1)NUMBER SYSTEMS 2)PYTHAGOREAN BROTHERHOOD 3)BOOK 'HOW TO SOLVE IT' 4) JOHN NAPIER - Essay Example Napier was one of the first, if not the first, to use the decimal point in expressing decimal fractions in a systematic way and according to the modern system of decimal notation[1]. The first tables of logarithms were published independently by the Scottish mathematician John Napier in 1614 and the Swiss mathematician Justus Byrgius in 1620. The first table of common logarithms was compiled by the English mathematician Henry Briggs [1]. Henry Briggs (1561-1630) was born at Warley Wood, near Halifax at Yorkshire and educated at St. John's College, in Cambridge. He is notable for changing Napier's logarithms into common/Brigessian Logarithms [2]. In the year 1616, Henry Brigss visited John Napier in his home in Edinburgh to discuss the suggested change to Napier's work [2]. The next year, Henry again visited John regarding the same matter. He proposed the alteration of the scale of logarithms from the hyperbolic 1 / e from which John Napier had given to that which unity is assumed as the logarithm of the ratio of 10 to 1 [2]. During their conversation, the alteration proposed by Briggs was agreed upon by Napier and published the first chiliad of his logarithms du ring his second visit to Edinburgh in 1617. In 1624 Henry Briggs gave a numerical approximation to the base 10 logarithm. The Pythagorean Brotherhood is one of Greece's ancient societies. ... settled in Crotona, a Greek colony in southern Italy, where he founded a movement with religious, political, and philosophical aims, known as Pythagoreanism.. There he founded the famous Pythagorean school in the south of Italy, which in addition to being an academy for the study of philosophy, mathematics, and natural science, developed into a closely knit brotherhood with secret rites and observances (Eves, 54). The Pythagoreans adhered to certain mysteries, observed bedience and silence, abstinence from food, simplicity in dress and possessions. The Pythagoreans believed in immortality and in the transmigration of souls. The brotherhood became so great that the democratic forces of the south of Italy destroyed the school buildings and caused the society to disperse (Eves, 55). According to Eves, the Pythagorean philosophy rested on the assumption that whole number is the cause of the various qualities of matter, which led to the exhaltation and study of number properties and arithmetic along with geometry, music and spherics constituted the fundamental liberal arts of the Pythagorean program of study(Eves, 55). The brotherhood dispersed after Pythagoras was said to have died through murder. Although scattered in different places, not only in Italy, the brotherhood continued to exist for at least two (2) more centuries. For the reason that Pythagoras' teaching was entirely oral, and also because of the custom of the brotherhood to refer all discoveries back to the revered founder, it is now difficult to know which mathematical findings should be credited to Pythagoras himself, and which to other members of the society (Eves, 55). How to Solve It How to Solve It is a book in small volume describing the methods in problem solving [3]. George Plya was

History_of_middle_East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

History_of_middle_East - Essay Example The modern Afghanistan owes its beginning at the hands of a Pashtun king, Ahmad Shah Duranni who started ruling the region from 1747. Afghanistan is a country constituted of multiple ethnic and linguistic groups. Pashtun tribes contributing to 42 percent mainly cover the region. The Tajiks who contribute to 27 percent follow the Pashtuns. Following the Tajiks are the Hazaras and Ujbek tribes contributing to 9 percent respectively. The study of Afghanistan’s history has a strong linkage to the Soviet invasion over the region. Russia’s interference over the region of Afghanistan has its inception from the treaty of bilateral friendship made in December 1978. However, the ruler of Afghanistan during 1978, Hafizullah Amin reiterated against on Russia’s growing interference over their political matters, which led to the tarnishing of the relationships between Afghanistan and Russia. Subsequently as an act of revenge, Russia sent troops by air, which invaded Kabul on D ecember 24, 1979. The invasion started with the assassination of Hafizullah Amin and the rise of Babrak Karmal, an exiled Parcham leader. However, Russia’s intention of establishing a Communist government in Afghanistan started facing serious threats from the Afghan communities. The Mujahideens or the Afghan fighters started making life miserable for the Russians, as they were restricted only to the urban centers. These, Afghan fighters backed by American support started gaining grounds to combat the invading Russian troops. By the end of 1985, the Mujahideens formed a guerilla outfit to launch full-blown war against the Russian army. Finally, in May 1986 the Soviet troops were ousted with the fall of Babrak Karmal. The end of the Karmal regime gave rise to the chief of Afghanistan’s secret police, Muhammad Najibullah to become the next Afghan leader. (Background Note: Afghanistan, 2010). The Mujahideen or the Afghan fighters had