Abortion is a Constitutional Issue :: Free Abortion Essays

Many people believe stillbirth is a moral issue, but it is also a constitutional issue. It is a womans skillful to make what she does with her body, and it should not be altered or influenced by anyone else. This right is guaranteed by the ninth amendment, which contains the right to privacy. The ninth amendment states The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. This right guarantees the right to women, if they so choose to have an abortion, up to the end of the first trimester. Regardless of the position of morals, a woman has the right to privacy and choice to abort her fetus. The people that hold a pro-life view argue that a woman who has an abortion is killing a child. The pro-choice perspective holds this is not the case. Before the 1973 landmark Supreme Court ruling in Roe v. Wage, whereby abortion was effectively legalized, women died by the thousands at the hands of back-alley butchers . Since Roe, less than 1 woman in 100,000 will die from an abortion. In fact, the procedure results in fewer deaths than childbirth or withal a shot of penicillin. Despite the official legality of the procedure, it is still largely under attack by opponents. The fight is far from over, and is important that anyone who champions a womans right to choose understand the ongoing threats abortion faces. The New Civil War offers a clear, compelling explanation of the issues surrounding the procedure and the ways in which antiabortion activists movement to criminalize it.Divided into five parts, The New Civil War does not leave one stone unturned. This collection of essays is well written, succinct, and concise. Indeed, such a sacred scripture is a necessary resource for anyone interested not only in the abortion debate, but also in the overarching patriarchal structures that create and maintain womens subordination. map I is entitled The Sociopolitical Context of Abortion. The first c hapter in this section reviews abortions status in the courts since Roe. Wilcox, Robbernnolt, and OKeefe highlight the necessity for psychologists to remain vocal in the debate, primarily by providing research supporting the findings that abortion does not promote ill effects in those women who have them. Antiabortionists continue successfully to push forth legislation designed to prevent women from willfully terminating their pregnancies.

Unforgettable Experiences in the U.S. Essay -- Essays Papers

Unforgettable Experiences in the U.S.Problems faced by international students who come to the U.S. for the first time are not always diffused to overcome. As one of them, Ive found it very difficult to handle most of the problems Ive encountered. Ive experienced a very terrible shade shock that still makes me upset. As a student, Ive found that the personal and cultural problems I experience may gravely affect my grades. The three major problems Ive encountered deal with independence, homesickness, and loneliness, which really shocked me.Since my shade is completely different from the U.S., I was very surprised and shocked by the U.S. way of doing things independently. For many years, I lived in a totally different culture I was completely unprepared for American culture. For example, since I first came here in August 1990, I have had to do many kinds of work by myself which I had neer done when I was in Indonesia, such as doing laundry, cleaning the bedroom, and getting up early in the morning. In Indonesia, I never had a hard time doing such things since everything w...

Buffy the Vampire Slayer Essay -- TV Television Show Essays

Buffy the Vampire SlayerMentors feature prominently in the Gothic genre. From Dr avant-garde Helsing in Bram Stokers genus Dracula, who leads the young heroes into their quest to annihilate the Count, to Rupert Giles, the Watcher in Buffy the Vampire Slayer, older and more experienced adults have provided essential guidance for the younger protagonists of the genre. The differences in media of expression and the subsequent adaptations from novel to television series has not affected the presence of this character, more than a hundred years after the publication of Dracula in 1897. What also unites the novel and the series is their fin-de-sicle resonance. According to Elaine Showalter, sexually and socially subversive themes feature strongly in periods of cultural insecurity. In addition to the ascorbic acid that separates Buffy from the Count, there has been a plethora of vampire movies and books of various merits. As a result, the late-twentieth-century average spectator knows the basic facts of vampirism. Therefore, the creators of Buffy the Vampire Slayer need to challenge their earshot through another aspect of the series. Turning to their advantage what might have been a serious hindrance, they adopt a self-reflexive ironic perspective on the genre. This clarified but innovative tension between borrowing from the tenets of the Gothic and moving away from them is especially appreciable when one evaluates the Watcher, Giles. Giles embodies both the principles of continuity and daring asylum that characterise the series and contribute to its appeal. The similarities between Dr Van Helsing in Dracula and Giles in Buffy the Vampire Slayer create a sense of thematic and structural continuity through different media. They share a sim... ...Unofficial Critical Companion to Buffy and Angel. Ed. Roz Kaveney. capital of the United Kingdom Tauris, 2001, 98-119. 8. Wall, Brian and Michael Zryd. Vampire dialectics. Knowledge, institutions and labour. Reading the Vampire Slayer. An unofficial critical companion to Buffy and Angel. Ed. Roz Kaveney. London Tauris, 2001, 53-77.9. Jung, C. G. The Phenomenology of the Spirit in Fairy Tales. 1912. Trans. R. F. C. Hull. London Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967. 10. Heilbronn, Lisa M. Natural Man, Unnatural Science Rejection of Science in Recent Science Fiction and Fantasy Film. Contours of the Fantastic. Ed. Michele K. Langford. overbold York Greenwood, 1990, 113-9, 115.11. Auerbach, Nina. Our Vampires, Ourselves. Chicago U of Chicago P, 1995, 5.12. Tudor, Andrew. Monsters and Mad Scientists. A Cultural History of the Horror Movie. 1989. Oxford Blackwell, 1991, 114.

Characterization in Hamlet Essay -- GCSE English Literature Coursework

Characterization in small town Are the characters in Shakespeares tragedy Hamlet round or flat, dynamic or static, consistent or inconsistent, presented mostly through showing or telling? This essay intends to answer these and other questions regarding the characterization in this drama. Louis B. Wright and Virginia A. LaMar in Hamlet A Man Who Thinks Before He Acts comment on the propensity of the Bard for well-rounded characters in Hamlet Much of the delight of in advance(p) readers, of course, comes from the study of the characters of the principal figures in the play, for Shakespeare has presented them in three-dimensional vividness. We feel that they are living beings with problems that are perennially human. If a modern man is not called upon, as Hamlet was, to avenge a murdered father, he nevertheless must face crises in his own life that remind him of Hamlets dilemma, and he recognizes in the mental attitudes of the various persons of the play attitudes that are familia r in everyday life. Everybody has encountered an Ophelia, a sweet but uninspiring girl dominated by her father and brother. And everybody has had to put up with a Polonius, full of conceit over his worldly wisdom and ever ready to advise us with an unctuous clich. (62) Hamlet has over 20 characters with speaking roles and in occupations from king to grave-digger and in 20 different scenes and with a differentiation in speech, actions, etc. between every hit individual character. Where else can such great variety in characterization be found? This aspect of the dramatist is emphasized by Robert B. Heilman in The part We Give Shakespeare But the Shakespeare completeness appears graspable and possessable ... ... of Delaware Press, 1992. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http//www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html West, Rebecca. A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption. Readings on Hamlet. Ed. arrogate Nardo. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT Yale University Press, 1957. Wilkie, Brian and James Hurt. Shakespeare. Literature of the Western World. Ed. Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992. Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. Hamlet A Man Who Thinks Before He Acts. Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Ed. Louis B. Wright and Virginia A. LaMar. N. p. Pocket Books, 1958.

The Leadership of Jack and Ralph in Lord of the Flies :: Lord Flies Essays

The Leadership of Jack and Ralph in Lord of the Flies   Throughout the novel Lord of the Flies, Ralph tries his ruff to create a society based on survival. As time progresses, it is clear that Jacks feelings are towards living life and having fun. Jacks society eventually leads to corruption, killing guiltless people, while Ralphs prevails as the boys are rescued. Ralph uses a repetition of hope towards being saved while Jacks technique with no thought clearly flounders creating savages out of the at one time civilized boys.   Ralphs original society is split because of lack of interest with some of the individuals. They begin to loose creed in themselves, and thus seek fun and fortune. In the end the group seeking a long-term reward beats out the group looking for short- term rewards, as Ralphs group prevails, causing Jacks to fall asleep stimulating death  among the other boys.      When Ralph spoke again his voice was low, and seemed breathless. &nbs p  What have I done? I liked him-and I wanted us to be rescued    Again the stars spilled about the sky. Eric shook his head, earnestly.     Listen Ralph. Never mind whats sense. Thats gone-     Never mind about the Chief-     -you got to go for your own good.     The Chief and Roger-     -yes, Roger-     They hate you, Ralph. Theyre going to do you.     Theyre going to hunt you to-morrow.(1)   Here, the reader is basically told on what the two groups have to offer. Ralphs group is based on being rescued, while Jacks group is pro-hunting and other games in the wilderness.   From the start, Ralph tries to keep the fire as the key-stone in the group. He knows that fire and smoke is used best to signal ships at a distance. This is what infact saves the stranded boys. In his group, Ralph makes shelters and calls assemblies. By using this method of bringing civilization to the island, the boys can thus remember what modern day society was like, and from then on can keep faith in themselves towards being rescued. Never once throughout the novel Lord of the flies, does Ralph become influenced or influence others towards savagery.   Although Ralph may seem like the ideal leader, he lacks in many characteristics the main one being intelligence. Throughout the novel Ralph has to depend on Piggy for ideas.

The Leadership of Jack and Ralph in Lord of the Flies :: Lord Flies Essays

The Leadership of Jack and Ralph in Lord of the Flies   Throughout the novel Lord of the Flies, Ralph tries his outperform to create a society based on survival. As time progresses, it is clear that Jacks feelings are towards living life and having fun. Jacks society eventually leads to corruption, killing clean-handed people, while Ralphs prevails as the boys are rescued. Ralph uses a repetition of hope towards being saved while Jacks technique with no thought clearly flounders creating savages out of the erst civilized boys.   Ralphs original society is split because of lack of interest with some of the individuals. They begin to loose trustfulness in themselves, and thus seek fun and fortune. In the end the group seeking a long-term reward beats out the group looking for short- term rewards, as Ralphs group prevails, causing Jacks to miss stimulating death  among the other boys.      When Ralph spoke again his voice was low, and seemed breathless. &n bsp  What have I done? I liked him-and I wanted us to be rescued    Again the stars spilled about the sky. Eric shook his head, earnestly.     Listen Ralph. Never mind whats sense. Thats gone-     Never mind about the Chief-     -you got to go for your own good.     The Chief and Roger-     -yes, Roger-     They hate you, Ralph. Theyre going to do you.     Theyre going to hunt you to-morrow.(1)   Here, the reader is basically told on what the two groups have to offer. Ralphs group is based on being rescued, while Jacks group is pro-hunting and other games in the wilderness.   From the start, Ralph tries to keep the fire as the key-stone in the group. He knows that fire and smoke is used best to signal ships at a distance. This is what infact saves the stranded boys. In his group, Ralph makes shelters and calls assemblies. By using this method of bringing civilization to the island , the boys can thus remember what modern day society was like, and from then on can keep faith in themselves towards being rescued. Never once throughout the novel Lord of the flies, does Ralph become influenced or influence others towards savagery.   Although Ralph may seem like the ideal leader, he lacks in many characteristics the main one being intelligence. Throughout the novel Ralph has to depend on Piggy for ideas.

Marketing Research Krispy Kreme

GROUP MEMBER pic Usarat Rungruangrattanawadee1531007027 Chavivuth Soonthornsima 1511001933 Tirapitch Pichitnorakarn 1511007096 Arnuphap Chaiyaraj 1531007209 Pavinee Pinijkijsopon1531007530 Exclusive Summary As you subsist siamese connectionland has many a(prenominal) an(prenominal) shit of ring and fin whollyy year bring in immature brand come to Thailand it is Krispy Kreme saccharidenut. original beat that they promote every one(a) interesting and exciting ab knocked stunned(p) that. at a time it non interesting interchangeable beginning period. So, our group would equivalent to study some node preference and involve to go somewhat customer triumph with price, place, taste and localization of Krispy Kreme Doughnut.We try to lie with all customer think with Krispy Kreme Doughnut and to a fault our competitor. We usance many methods to do the question. For this research we get nearly limitation from whether, time, conf use with promontorynaire, and e tc. As we research we get good information back for collapse the entropy and code data for do chart. trigger Background 1937s A Humble Beginning Krispy Kreme Began More Than 70 Years Ago In Winston-Salem, NC Our Founder, Vemon Rudolph, Bought a Yeast-Raised Doughnut Recipe From a Chef in new(a) Orleans. Today, All Krispy Kreme Stores Use the Same Proprietary Recipe That Was Used 70 Years Ago 940s & 1950s A History of Innovation 40s&50s Improving the foolut Making process through Innovation from the Beginning Krispy Kreme Was the First to Automate the Doughnut Making Process Soon After We Opened. These Innovation Remain the de solitary(prenominal) if of Our Doughnut-Making Process Today 1960s & 1970s The Store Experience 60s & 70s (Our Stores are Fun assembleing place for Friends) The Store Expereince is the Brand for Our Customers. For Year, Krispy Kreme Stores Have Been Fun Places for Friends and Families to Gather Our Doughnut Theatre and You Teams Great Custome r Service are Critical Components. 1980s & 1990s Hot Original Glazed 80s & 90s (The storied hot doughnut experience) Krispy Kreme Signature carrefour Original is Our Original Glazed Our World Famous Hot Now Sign Signals To push downrs that making Fresh Product Customer Young and Old Love Watching the Doughnuts Being Made Today Growing the Brand Worldwide (Sharing the Krispy Kreme experience) Today, Krispy Kreme has Stores in the United States, Europe, Latin America, the mediate East and Asia. We have More Than 500 Stores in 18 Countries More than 60% of Krispy Kremes Stores are Now Outside the US This Year, Krispy Kreme Hopes to Open Our First Stores in Dominican Republic, Thailand and Taiwan Krispy Kreme in Thailand Krispy Kreme open in Thailand at Siam Paragon since 28 Sep, 2010 Situation Analysis First Krispy Kreme raises in Bangkok at Siam Paragon. It has a Krispy Kreme trend beca implement they have promotion for 100 prople get allow Krispy Kreme nonwithstanding the firstly person of 100 flock entrust get Krispy Kreme free all year. People very interest and excited ab egress Krispy Kreme. Before it lunch in Bangkok, it reputation in aboard.For first 4-5 months, it has very long come ups kayoed of Siam Paragon. Someone who waiting in queues for re-sell all opposite side at Siam Paragon, they will up price about 10-20 baht per piece or someone get 50-100 baht per box for waiting in queues instead of the person who want it. Now Krispy Kreme is quiet, no body waiting for demoralize Krispy Kreme, you can take the air to the wander and buy it without waiting in long queues. Now it has variety for favors, first it launches altogether original favor. Research Objective To study Krispy Kreme Customer Preference. To enjoy customer satisfaction with price. To know customer satisfaction with place such as atmosphere, decoration and convenience. To know customer satisfaction with taste such as soft and sweet. To know customer satisfactio n with reputation. To know some improvement that we think customer will accept or it will effect with customer or non. The drop dead objective that we want to know is about competitor. Define problem and opportunity identification Problem is Thai flock interest with Krispy Kreme depress than the beginning period, so male Krispy Kreme no more long queues although Krispy Kreme launch more favors, but non attraction customer handle beginning period.Now Krispy Kreme has non yet opens a new branch although I think Krispy Kreme mustiness to open new branch. Limitation of the study Our main target is student, so we assign into two groups for research. The first group is BU bookman at City Campus and Second group is Student around Siam Paragon and BTS (Siam station). First limitation that we met we cant do the research inside Siam Paragon, so we must to go outside it and stand at BTS. We go to research about 5 pm this time is the times for student go for tutor.We have some proble m about student dont have more time for do our questionnaire. And we bank check at BTS, we will met student who also hurry to back home. Until we meet one group in front of Siam Paragon, we go for research them but credential guard is not allowing to research front of Siam Paragon. Second limitation that we met is some throng they dont understand some question and some citizenry who say no with the question that we ask about last one month you ever consume Krispy Kreme or not, so it make that questionnaire fail. I must to do more questionnaires because we need 30 questionnaires.The last limitation that we met is weather, first of all we will stay at Siam Square, the place that reseller sell Krispy Kreme Donught but that they is rain day, so it make our cant stay there. It hard to do questionnaire in raining day. Finally we decide to divide in to two groups first stay around BTS. We stand different door. Finally, The problem that we meet is from conf utilise with question, place and weather that we brush up is not convenience for do the research but finally we get questionnaire enough to do the research although it has correct one and wrong one.Method Definition of the population Is the nub of community or has the same property in the similar way or the same way which include all sex and every while. Person are likely the same things and from one to opposites, they all in a group and as a group we called population. For example our group project we doing a research about halo which is the near popular and famous in Thailand now called Crispy Cream hardened in paragon shopping mall.As we research we want to know the amount of population which has the same things in the same ways such as like to eat anchor ring or like to do the same activities, we dont target scarce masses who are under 30 but we do target all sex, age and spate who are in Bangkok too. Therefore population are large group of people not even in the country can be all all over t he world who like to do or eat in the same or similar things. And if we want to target something we can target in a whole group of people which souseds population of something we want to target such as we want to know population of people who loves to eat donut especially Crispy Cream.Every research must have their population of their project which can tell u to study that people who you are targeting is like or dislike your carrefour or services. These can tell u little more about people or customers are interest in your product or not. For example if high population it office means they like your product or service but if low population so which means that they exponent not be interest or not in the trends of nowadays. Sample plan and precedent size Our archetype plan is that we have conducted the savour of 30 responsives between the age of 16-25 both high school and university students who are consuming KrispyKreame donuts.To understand how these age group of people pur chasing stopping point on the KrispyKreame products on their preference on taste, price, reputation, quality of the products. The population of ours target is the people in Bangkok who consuming the donuts whether consume themselves or buy for new(prenominal) people as a gift. However, the total measures that we have conducted was 50 questionnaires but only 30 of them which can be useful for conclude the final examine which gives us 60% of the total sample size that we have been given out for the refreshs.Ours sample method was we have used an exploratory method but in questionnaire type and we let them to fill out the form by themselves and as we have a cluster sampling type of method which mean we have selected the group of ours sample size for this particular surveys. Furthermore, the sampling method for ours survey was probability sample type as we have select the sample which in equal chance to be select to fill out the questionnaire. We have resampling the sample to concl ude the outlet by looking at the sample that we have gathered to judge the total population of people who like to consume donuts in Bangkok area.Development of the questionnaire We aimed certain our questionnaire to answer the objectives. The questionnaire was created by all members in group. First time we draft developed it in class room to know just like which direction we will ask. We also make positive(predicate) by consult with the instructor about the content in questionnaire. After that we had meeting again to do questionnaire in expatiate. Each member helps together to developed questionnaire and tries to utter the ideas and the benefit of that question to fit with the objective.We had use of computer and networks to help in developed the questionnaire by type and radiation diagram the questionnaire. We also sent the questionnaire through the E-mail to each member in our group to help together to recheck the questionnaire in marches of the word understanding and desi gn again in advance launch it to the public in testing the questionnaire within BU city campus. After that we fix the questionnaire again before use it in real surveys. We chose Closed- ended type to be our question response format. We use both Dichotomous which provide two response options and Multiple response which provide more than two response options.We design to use closed ended question because it provide options on the questionnaire which help answerer to answer quickly and easily. The more benefit is this type of question is also easier to contemplate the data which proper for short period of time that we have. Moreover we also use Scaled- response format to measure the attributes of the Krispy Kreme doughnuts. We design in Unlabled outmatch which is purely numerical that allow responsive to express feeling and it also easily to code the data. There are more details in each questions following The first part of questionnaire is Screening questions.It helps us to ident ify which questionnaire can be the sample or the exemplification of the research. The screening questions start from question telephone be one to three. ? The question one is Have you been purchased Krispy Kreme doughnuts during the last one month? This question will be separate respondent who is the representative apart from who is not by the answer. The Scale of mensuration is titular scales because it uses only labels in questionnaire. ? The question two is How often do you consume Krispy Kreme doughnuts a month? The office is to know the frequency of consuming Krispy Kreme doughnuts.The Scale of measurement is separation scales because distance between each descriptor is equal. ? The question three is Where did you buy Krispy Kreme doughnuts? The invention is to know is the respondent buy doughnuts from the Krispy Kreme directly or buy from the reseller. The Scale of measurement is Nominal scales because it uses only labels in questionnaire. The act part of question naire is General question. It will be the question about the purpose of buying Krispy Kreme Doughnuts and wherefore. The general questions start from question number four to eight. The question four is How did you know Krispy Kreme doughnuts? The purpose is to know which way they know Krispy Kreame doughnuts. The Scale of measurement is Nominal scales because it uses only labels in questionnaire. ? The question five is Purpose of buying Krispy Kreme doughnuts? The purpose is to know the objective of buying Krispy Kreme doughnuts. The Scale of measurement is Nominal scales because it uses only labels in questionnaire. ? The question six is if you count on long queue, do you want to wait in queue or not? The purpose is to know the tendency of who will wait in queue if there is line.The Scale of measurement is Nominal scales because it uses only labels in questionnaire. ? The question seven is why you want to waiting queue? The purpose is to know the curtilage why they still wan t to wait in queue. The Scale of measurement is Nominal scales because it uses only labels in questionnaire. ? The question eight is wherefore did you buy Krispy Kreme doughnuts? The purpose is to know reason why they buy. The Scale of measurement is Nominal scales because it uses only labels in questionnaire. The deuce-ace part of questionnaire is Preference. This will give depth data in enclosure of Krispy Kreme attributes. There will be sub-questions for question nine which give data in scale about price, taste (soft and sweet), quality, reputation and location (atmosphere, decoration and convenience). The purpose is to know customer preference in each attributes. The Scale of measurement is Interval scales because distance between each descriptor is equal. The fourth part of question is Compettition. This will help to generate data about the rivals of Krispy Kreme doughnuts. The questions start from question number ten to thirteen. ? The question number ten is Do you purch ase others donuts brand while purchase Krispy Kreme doughnuts? The purpose is to know that do the representative still buy other doughnuts brand while buy Krispy Kreme doughnuts. The Scale of measurement is Nominal scales because it uses only labels in questionnaire. ? The question eleven is Which doughnuts brand that you purchase apart from Krispy Kreme doughnuts? The purpose is to know who the Krispy Kreme doughnuts rivals are. The Scale of measurement is Nominal scales because it uses only labels in questionnaire. ? The question twelve is From question no 11 why do you purchase those doughnut brands? The purpose is to know reason why the representatives still buy those brands.This may help to identify which attribute is Krispy Kreme do not well. The Scale of measurement is Nominal scales because it uses only labels in questionnaire. ? The question thirteen is Please rank which donut brands do you prefer the well-nigh? The purpose is to know which brand do the representative p refer (order in rank). The Scale of measurement is Ordinal scales because provide rank-order to respondent. The fifth part of question is rise. These will help to know what could be improving for Krispy Kreme. The questions start from number fourteen to fifteen. ? The question fourteen is .If Krispy Kreme Doughnuts has a membership card, would it make you buy Krispy Kreme Doughnuts more than before or not? The purpose is to understand the emf of customer preference in membership card that may affect frequency of buying. The Scale of measurement is Nominal scales because it uses only labels in questionnaire. ? The question fifteen is If Krispy Kreme Doughnuts launch new branch, where would you like it be located? The purpose is to know where representative want Krispy Kreme to open new branch. The Scale of measurement is Nominal scales because it uses only labels in questionnaire. The sixth part of question is Personal data. This part will be detail about the representative whic h shows gender, ages, occupation and income per month. The purpose is to know details about the representative. The questions start from number sixteen to nineteen. ? The question sixteen is Gender. The Scale of measurement is Nominal scales because it uses only labels in questionnaire. ? The question seventeen is age The Scale of measurement is Interval scales because distance between each descriptor is equal. ? The question eighteen is Occupation The Scale of measurement is Nominal scales because it uses only labels in questionnaire. The question nineteen is Income per month The Scale of measurement is Interval scales because distance between each descriptor is equal. Questionnaire No. ___________ Interviewers name ___________ Bangkok University internationalist College Questionnaire for Marketing Research Hello, I am student at Bangkok University International College. I would like to conduct survey about Krispy Kreme Doughnuts. I would like to ask you few questions about your e xperience with Krispy Kreme Doughnuts. It will take only few minute and this questionnaire is part of term project of Marketing Research and it will be confidentially.Thank you for your spending time to response to the questionnaire. / / / Please answer the following question by mark (in ( given below ( ( Screening Questions ( ) 1. Have you been purchased Krispy Kreme Doughnuts during the last one month? (1 ) Yes ( ) No ( ) 2. How often do you consume Krispy Kreme Doughnuts a month? ( ) Once (1 )2-4 times (2-4 ) 5-7 times (5-7 )More than 7 ( 7 ) 3. Where did you buy Krispy Kreme Doughnuts? ( ) Krispy Kreme Doughnuts shop at Siam Paragon ( ) By reseller ( ) General Questions ( ) 4. How did you know Krispy Kreme Doughnuts? ( Friend( )Experience ( ) Media and Advertising ( ) otherwise Please specify (_____) 5. Purpose of buying Krispy Kreme Doughnuts ( ) feed ( )Resell ( ) Gift ( ) other Please specify (_____) 6. If you see long queue, do you want to wait in queue or not? ( ) Yes ( ) No (Skip question no. 7) ( 7) 7. Why you want to waiting queue? ( ) Trend( )Fashion ( )Want to try/eat ( / ) different Please specify (_____) 8. Why did you buy Krispy Kreme Doughnuts? ( ) Price ( ) Reputation ( ) Taste ( )Location ( ) pure tone ( )Other Please specify (____) Preference ( ) 9. How did you rate Krispy Kreme Doughnuts in term oftheir price, taste, quality, reputation and location? ( , , , ) Low( High( ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 9. 1 Price ( ) 9. 2 Taste ( ) 9. 2. 1 subdued ( 9. 2. 2 Sweet ( ) 9. 3 Quality ( ) 9. 4 Reputation ( ) 9. Location ( ) 9. 5. 1 Atmosphere ( ) 9. 5. 2 Decoration ( 9. 5. 3 Convenience ( ) Competition ( ) 10. Do you purchase others donut brand while purchase Krispy Kreme Doughnuts? ( Yes ( ) No ( ) 11. Which donut brand that you purchase apart from Krispy Kreme Doughnuts? (Answer more than one) ( 1 ) Ba pple halo soda pop Dough DunkindoughnutsMister doughnut Other (Please specify___________) 12. Form question no. 11 why do you purchase those annulus brand? ( 11 ) Price ( )Taste ( ) Quality ( )Location ( ) Other (Please specify___________) 13.Please rank which donut brands do you prefer the just about ( ) (1-5 1 5 1= most , 5 = lease ) ____________ Bapple Donut ( ) ____________ Daddy Dough ( ) ____________ DunkinDonuts ( ) ____________ Krispy Kreme Doughnuts ( ) ____________ Mister Donut ( ) Improvement ( ) 14. If Krispy Kreme Doughnuts has a membership card, would it make you buy Krispy Kreme Doughnuts more than before or not? ( Yes ( ) No ( ) 15. If Krispy Kreme Doughnuts launch new branch, where would you like it be located? ( ) Central billet ( )The Emporium ( ) The mall ( )Robinson ( ) Super market (Tesco Lotus, Big C, Careful, and etc) ( , , ) Other (Please specify___________) Personal Data ( ) 16. Gender ( ) Male ( )Female ( ) 17. Age ( ) Less tha n 20 ( 20)21-25 30. 1-35 More than 35( 35) 18. Occupation ( ) Student ( / )Office Worker ( ) Business Owner ( )Other Please specify___________ ( ) 19. Income per month ( ) Less than 10,000 ( 10,000)10,001-15,000 15,001-20,000More than 20,0000 ( 20,000) ___________________________ Thank You ________________________ / Data collection method We design to use Exploratory research method to gain background information about the research topic. Exploratory also can help in define term and clarify problem.We use Secondary information to know and understand history or background of the company. It will provide how, when it establish and by whom. Normally, Exploratory research will be unstructured but for Krispy Kreme research we will use quantitative research to help in collection the data. The survey will use questionnaire which is structured question for respondent. The reason is that it can use with a large number of respondents and also easily for code and analysis. In collection mode, we use Self-administered which respondent have to completes the survey by his or her own.It is the most popular way in collection mode some time people called it paper and draw survey. The reason for use Self- administered is cost reduction and respondent can control the answer so, it will be affect to time saving. The location that we went to do survey is Siam Square and BU city campus. The reason is that our sample will be students who are in high school and university student. As the lifestyle of this group of people is like to hang out at Siam square so, Siam square is the place that volume of that student group like to go.If we went to Siam square we will get data from many type of student in that group. We divide members group to do survey in three small groups. To be faster to collection the data and repeal shy to do questionnaire with big group of researcher. In depth detail of the location, we did survey at BTS Siam, BU city campus. By the BTS Siam, we divide into two group because there is big area that can do survey. Nonsampling error reduction There are many types of errors that dexterity occur during the questionnaire survey some might be avoidable but some might not due to the respondents behavior of the survey.However, the error also occurs with the field workers who hand the survey to the undefiled respondent to fill, they might not be effective to give the respondent an explanation of the question since they did not understand and explain the question to the respondent well. Furthermore, interviewer might perform their job by unsatisfied reaction to the respondent if they ask too many questions on the survey and might show it to the respondent by tone, body language or characteristic of the interviewer.Some might not give the respondent full explanation of the objective of the survey. This will lead to respondent error, since they did not understand how to answer so they did not answer it correctly or answer it guessing since they unsur e on the question or whether they intent to committed an error on purpose since they did not attend to focus on the survey as they might be in the hurry or on the way to work or see friends or get tired from work so they did not willing to answer it properly.Some might get a distraction on the location of the surveys by interruption or crowed places to be able to fill the questionnaire. However, we can reduce such error by watch on the field workers or formulation them on the understanding of the survey before let them out on the field. And for the respondent, we might check the answer before letting them go or go thought the question with them on by one so they can give the best possible answer.Not only an on field surveys that encounter a problem but other kinds of survey such as an online, mail, calling surveys also have the same problems. For an online survey, the respondent might have done more than one survey or might not answer the certain question that they did not want t he interviewer to know such salary or occupation etc. Moreover, some even avoid to do it since they can just close the page on the sack up to avoid answer it. For mailing surveys might have a high set up cost to send to each household and might not get the mail back as they might consider a junk mail.Telephone survey, the interviewer have to follow up the respondent as some people might not be home or lazy to answer it on the phone since the might be in the middle of something such as cooking their meal, watching their best-loved program. So to avoid such an error the interviewer might have to screening the questionnaire first before it complete, inspect the grammar error that might have confuse the reader and also the answer might have to be clear ,for example, scale question from 1 to 5 the respondent might answer only 5 or in the middle like 3.So these kind of screening might have been consider and need to be authorize before conducting the questionnaire. Or providing a sample questionnaire to see whether the problems are might have occurred during the pretest. In addition, close supervise data collection and provide training to give the interviewer the best effort are also needed to minimize the error. Data analysis 1. For the question, Have you been purchased Krispy Kreme Doughnuts during the last one month? We analyze data by using Mode which is the value that occurs most frequently.The represent is response rate result from the survey is show that the 60% or 30 people of 50 answer Yes (Mode), while 40% or 20 people of 50 answer NO. (See graph at p. 31) 2. For the question, How often do you consume Krispy Kreme Doughnuts a month? We analyse by using Mean which result is 1. 2667(fx = 38 / N= 30) The graph result from the survey is show that the majority of the sample utter they eat Krispy Kreme once a month which is 26 people out of 30 people as a serving of 86. 67 percent. Next, the second high is 4 people out of 30 as a region of 13. 3 percent eat Krispy Kreme 2-4 times a month. Nobody said eat 5-7 times and more than 7 times a month. (See graph at p. 31) 3. This graph shows about where did you buy Krispy Kreme Dougnuts? We analyze data by using Mode which is the value that occurs most frequently. We research about 30 people. The majority of the respondent prefer to buy by Krispy Kreme Dougnuts shop (Mode) at Siam Paragon about 28 people out of 30 as a percentage of 93. 33 percent and people who choose buy by reseller are about 2 people out of 30 as a percentage of 6. 67 percent.Finally, the people who consume Krispy Kreme Dougnuts they like to buy by shop at Siam Paragon more than they buy by reseller. (See graph at p. 32 ) 4. For the question, How did you know Krispy Kreme Doughnuts? We analyze data by using Mode which is the value that occurs most frequently. The graph result from the survey is show that majority of sample said they know Krispy Kreme from Media and Advertising (Mode) which count as 14 people out of 30 as a percentage of 46. 67 percent. The second high is people know Krispy Kreme from Friend which is 13 people out of 30 as a percentage of 43. 3 percent. The third high is people know Krispy Kreme from Experience which is 3 people out of 30. (See graph at p. 32) 5. For the question, Purpose of buying Krispy Kreme Doughnuts. We analyze data by using Mode which is the value that occurs most frequently. The graph result from the survey is show that the majority of sample said they buy Krispy Kreme for Consume (Mode) which is 26 people out of 30 as a percentage of 86. 67percent. The second high is they buy Krispy Kreme to be Gift which is 4 people out of 30 as a percentage of 13. 33 percent.And nobody answer resell in the research. (See graph at p. 33) 6. For the question, If you see long queue, do you want to wait in queue or not? We analyze data by using Mode which is the value that occurs most frequently. The graph result from the survey is show that the majority of sample said No (M ode) in wait in queue which is 77% out of 100%. Another said Yes which is 23% out of 100%. (See graph at p. 33) 7. For this graph talk about Why you want to waiting queue? We analyze data by using Mode which is the value that occurs most frequently.The graph result from the survey is show that 100% said they waiting queue bacause they want to try/eat Krispy Kreme doughnuts (Mode). (See graph at p. 34) 8. For the question, why did you buy Krispy Kreme Doughnuts? We analyze data by using Mode which is the value that occurs most frequently. The graph result from the survey is show that majority of sample choose Reputation to be reason why they buy Krispy Kreme Doughnuts which is 15 people out of 30 or (50%). The second high that people choose is Taste which is 11 people out of 30 or (36. 67%).There are 3 people out of 30or ( 10%) choose other which they said trend and variety. There are 1 people out of 30 said location and another 1 people out of 30 30or ( 3. 33%) said quality. The cho ice that nobody answers in the research is price. (See graph at p. 34 ) 9. This graph shows about the rank that customer rate with Krispy Kreme Doughnuts in term of their price, taste, quality, reputation and location. We analyse by using Mean which result for price is 3. 47 (fx = 104 / N= 30), soft is 4. 67 (fx = 139 / N= 30), sweet is 4. 47 (fx = 134 / N= 30), quality is 4. 3 (fx = 133 / N= 30), reputation is 5. 07 (fx = 152 / N= 30), atmosphere is 4. 07 (fx = 122 / N= 30), decoration is 3. 83 (fx = 115 / N= 30), conveneinve is 3. 37 (fx = 101 / N= 30). The first graph is shows Price, respondent prefer price in rank 3 with 19 people out of 30 as a percentage of 63. 33 percent. For the taste we divide into two categories are soft and sweet. For soft respondent choose Rank 4 with 10 people out of 30 as a percentage of 33. 33 percent and sweet respondent choose same Rank as 4,5 and 6 with 8 people out of 30, as a percentage of 26. 67 percent.For the quality respondent prefer rank 4 w ith 12 people out of 30 as a percentage of 40 percent. For reputation respondent prefer rank 5 with 13 people out of 30 as a percentage of 43. 33 percent. The last one is show location, we divided in to 3 categories. First one is atmosphere respondent prefer rank 4 with 12 people out of 30 as a percentage of 40 percent. Second is Decoration respondent prefer rank 3 with 12 people out of 30 as a percentage of 40 percent. Last one of location is convenience respondent prefer rank 3 with 10 people out of 30 as a percentage of 33. 3 percent. (See graph at p. 35) 10. For the question, Do you purchase others donut brand while consuming Krispy Kreme Doughnuts? We analyze data by using Mode which is the value that occurs most frequently. The graph result from the survey is show that the majority of sample 26 proplr out of 30 or 87% said they purchase others donut brand while consuming Krispy Kreme DoughnutsYES (Mode). Another part is 4 people out of 30 or 13% said they they did not buy othe rs donut brand while consuming Krispy Kreme Doughnuts NO. (See graph at p. 35 ) 11.This graph shows about which donut brand that you purchase apart from Krispy Kreme Doughnuts? We analyze data by using Mode which is the value that occurs most frequently. It surprisingly, the most favorite donut brands that most of all the respondents on this survey preferred was Mister Donut (Mode) about 21 people out of 30 as a percentage of 70 percent, Dunkin donut and Daddy Dough are same as 12 people out of 30 as a percentage of 40 percent, last one is Bapple Donut is 6 people out of 30 as a percentage of 20 percent. (See graph at p. 36) 12. Form question no. 1 why do you purchase those Donut brand? This pie chart has show us the most preferences of people who buying other donuts brand in term of their price, taste, quality, location and other factors. We analyze data by using Mode which is the value that occurs most frequently. From what you can see taste (Mode) was the major factors that were considered by many people who are buying the other donut brands. Followed by, location as it is easy to travel and with lots of transportations that can give them an easy access to get to the close point.Furthermore, Siam Paragon is the place where most people are likely to go after work or meeting friends. Next, price was the third choice of buying and quality as a sequence. Since the price they would pay for the products must have the similar quality to the amount that they have pay their money for that why these 2 factors are follow each others. Other factors are considered to be last which is up to each individual person might have their own reason on their preferences. (See graph at p. 36) 13. This graph shows about Please rank which Donut brands do you prefer the most.We analyse by using Mean which result for Bapple Donut is 3. 7 (fx = 111 / N= 30), for Daddy Dough is 3. 2 (fx = 96 / N= 30), for DunkinDonuts is 2. 8 (fx = 84 / N= 30) for Krispy Kreme Doughnuts is 2. 7 (fx = 8 1 / N= 30), for Mister Donut is 2. 5 (fx = 76 / N= 30)This graph shows us the brands prefer the most by the 30 respondents. We have rank from 1 to 5 forms most favorite to least favorite according to the numbers. As you can see from the 1 rank, Mister Donut has the most preferred by respondents with 13/30 as the percentage of 43. 33 %.At rank 2 Dunkin Donuts has overcome KrispyKreme Doughnuts by one person which give Dunkin Donuts the second favorite brand among KrispyKreme Doughnuts by 10/30 as the percentage of 36. 03%. Between the rank of 3-4, KrispyKreme Doughnuts and Daddy Dough has the same amount among these two ranks which give them the same the number of respondents of 8/10 as the percentage of 26. 66%. The least favor donut brand at rank number 5 was Bapple with consist of 12/30 respondents are choose to be the least favorite brands of all. (See graph at p. 37 ) 14.This graph shows about If Krispy Kreme Doughnuts has a membership card, would it make you buy Krispy Kreme Do ughnuts more than before or not? We analyze data by using Mode which is the value that occurs most frequently. The respondent answer Yes (Mode) 17 people out of 30 as a percentage is 65. 67 percent and answer No 13 people out of 30 as a percentage is 43. 33 percent. So, if Krispy Kreme Doughnuts has a membership it can effective with some customer. (See graph at p. 37) 15. In ours survey we have asked that if KrispyKreame Doughnuts will launch a new branch, where they would like it to be located.We analyze data by using Mode which is the value that occurs most frequently. Out of 30 respondents, 19 people or 63. 33 percent have chosen Central position (Mode) as their first choice, followed by Emporium with 6 people or 20 percent have chosen it. Supermarket, such as Tesco Lotus, Big C, and Careful has been chosen by 3 people or 10 percent and Robinson as the last choice which only 2 persons or 6. 67 percent have chooses it as the new location. (See graph at p. 38) 16. For this graph talk about gender of respondents. We analyze data by using Mode which is the value that occurs most frequently.From the survey that we have interviewed, we have found out that 25 out of 30 people who have done the survey was female as the percentage of 83. 33% in total, whereas, male only 5 out of 30 give us a percentage of 16. 67%. Therefore, most of the women give us almost 90% out of the total number of all the respondents who given up their time to filled out the questionnaire for ours interview. (See graph at p. 38) Conclusion and Suggestion Surprisingly, from all 30 respondents that we have survey we have found out that the majority of Thai people prefer Mister Donut more than any other donut brands.Which give KrispyKreme Doughnut come behind Mister Donut and Dunkin Donut. So we can conclude form ours survey that Thai people are like to try new product as it first opening their products by giving to AF contender on TV show and many people may want to try it and wondering whet her it is as good as it say or not. However, Mister Donut may be tastier to Thai people taste as it been in business for far longer than KrispyKreme Doughnuts so they know how Thai people taste would like it.In contrast, the reason Mister Donut was the first majority that Thai people are consider as their top donut brands might be that the price for these two brands are kind of different to each others and many Thai people are mostly at the middle class status so Mister Donut would be the most reasonable price for many Thai people follow by Dunkin Donut as both brands have a similar in term of the price. Whereas, KrispyKreme Doughnuts mainly target the upper class status people who have more purchasing power to buy.Where others donut brands might not fit Thai people taste such as Daddy Dough and Bapple might be to sweet or at the same price they would consider of buying KrispyKreme Doughnuts instead. To sum up, according to ours survey we can refer that price was the main reason fo r Thai people when they consider to buy the product whether such product are food or cloth or electronic stuff. Our mesmerism we think KrispyKreme Doughnuts should have a new branch at Central Plaza because, we got the result that if KrispyKreme Doughnuts have a new branch where would respondents like it be located, almost people choose Central Plaza.I think if KrispyKreme Doughnuts have a new branch at Central Plaza it easily for consumer to buy KrispyKreme Doughnuts. By survey respondents think location it not more convenience for them. This is some suggestion that we think for KrispyKreme Doughnuts to reach more consumers. Appendix Bangkok University International College Questionnaire for Marketing Research For the tag we will show how we change choice of answer to be number in coding process. We will show the number that we use instead of label in color number after each choice. The coding number will show in red colorPlease answer the following question by mark (in ( given be low ( ( Screening Questions ( ) 1. Have you been purchased Krispy Kreme Doughnuts during the last one month? (1 ) Yes ( ) (1) No ( ) (2) 2. How often do you consume Krispy Kreme Doughnuts a month? ( ) Once (1 ) (1) 2-4 times (2-4 ) (2) 5-7 times (5-7 ) (3)More than 7 ( ) (4) 3. Where did you buy Krispy Kreme Doughnuts? ( ) Krispy Kreme Doughnuts shop at Siam Paragon ( ) (1) By reseller ( ) (2) General Questions ( ) 4. How did you know Krispy Kreme Doughnuts? ( ) Friend( )(1) Experience ( ) (2) Media and Advertising ( ) (3) Other Please specify (___) (4) 5. Purpose of buying Krispy Kreme Doughnuts ( Consume ( ) (1) Resell ( ) (2) Gift ( ) (3) Other Please specify (___) (4) 6. If you see long queue, do you want to wait in queue or not? ( ) Yes ( ) (1) No (Skip question no. 7) ( 7) (2) 7. Why you want to waiting queue? ( ) Trend( ) (1) Fashion ( ) (2) Want to try/eat( / )(3) Other Please specify (_) 4) 8. Why did you buy Krispy Kreme Doughnuts? ( ) Price ( ) (1) Reputation ( ) (2) Taste ( ) (3)Location ( ) (4) Quality ( ) (5)Other Please specify (___) (6) Preference ( ) 9. How did you rate Krispy Kreme Doughnuts in term oftheir price, taste, quality, reputation and location? ( , , , ) Low( High( ) 1(1) 2(2) 3(3) 4(4) 5(5) 6(6) 9. 1 Price ( ) 9. 2 Taste ( ) 9. 2. 1 Soft ( 9. 2. 2 Sweet ( ) 9. 3 Quality ( ) 9. 4 Reputation ( ) 9. 5 Location ( 9. 5. 1 Atmosphere ( ) 9. 5. 2 Decoration ( 9. 5. 3 Convenience ( ) Competition ( ) 10. Do you purchase others donut brand while purchase Krispy Kreme Doughnuts? ( ) Yes ( ) (1) No ( ) (2) 11. Which donut brand that you purchase apart from Krispy Kreme Doughnuts? (Answer more than one) ( 1 ) Bapple Donut (1) Daddy Dough(1) DunkinDonuts(1)Mister Donut(1) Other (Please specify___________) (1) * 1 its mean respondent choose that brand 12. Form question no. 11 why do you purchase thos e Donut brand? ( 1 ) Price ( ) (1) Taste ( ) (2) Quality ( ) (3)Location ( ) (4) Other (Please specify___________) (5) 13. Please rank which Donut brands do you prefer the most ( ) (1-5 1 5 1= most , 5 = lease ) ____________ Bapple Donut ( ) ____________ Daddy Dough ( ) ____________ DunkinDonuts ( ) ____________ Krispy Kreme Doughnuts ( ) ____________ Mister Donut ( *It code by how many respondent prefer with 1(most) 5(lease) in each rank Improvement ( ) 14. If Krispy Kreme Doughnuts has a membership card, would it make you buy Krispy Kreme Doughnuts more than before or not? ( ) 15. If Krispy Kreme Doughnuts launch new branch, where would you like it be located? ( ) Central Plaza ( ) (1)The Emporium ( ) (2) The mall ( ) (3)Robinson ( ) (4) Super market Tesco Lotus, BigC, Careful, and etc) ( , , ) (5) Other (Please specify___________) (6) Personal Data ( ) 16. Gender ( ) Male ( ) (1)Female ( ) (2) 17. Age ( ) Less than 20 ( 20) (1)21-25 (2) 31. (3) 31-35(4) Mor e than 35( 35) (5) 18. Occupation ( ) Student ( / ) (1)Office Worker ( ) (2) Business Owner ( ) (3)Other Please specify_________ ( ) (4) 19. Income per month ( Less than 10,000 ( 10,000) (1)10,001-15,000(2) 15,001-20,000(3)More than 20,0000 ( 20,000) (4) ___________________________ Thank You _________________ / Coding pic pic pic Graphs 1. Response rate pic 2. pic 3. pic 4. pic 5. pic 6. pic 7. pic 8. pic 9. pic 10. pic 11. pic 12. pic 13. pic 14. pic 15. pic 16. pic References Gilbert A. Churchchill, Jr. , and Tom J. Brown (2007), introductory Marketing Research (6th ed. ), International Edition Thomson South-Western. http//www. krispykreme. co. th/

Leadership and vision for future

The role of attractership in organization is really great. Success of smart set mostly depends on qualities of attracter. A good leader is more than half of success. Much of literature on organizational change and leadership emphasizes the nonion of merchandising an inspirational and aspirational vision to those at every scratch in the organization. Lets try to examine the difficulties, which so-and-so face the leader when trying to give away an inspirational and aspirational vision for the future(a), taking into account that a vision needs to appeal to and be understood by flock at every level of the organization.Leadership as a concept of classical management is ability to influence activity of individuals and groups of people in order to motivate them laming for acquisition of aims. Organization, which is successful, is different from other organizations mainly because it has more dynamic and effective management. Successful organization is, first of all, a strategic v ision for future, whereas leadership supposes vision of future and ability to propagate it as well as motivate people. So, we can see that an effective leadership and effective inspirational and aspirational vision for the future depends on skillful motivation of trainers.Without any doubt, motivation should be different for different levels of workers. Vision is the fourth component of diamond leadership. Leader combines both wrangle of vision external and inborn (Heifitz, R., p.112). Components of vision are creativity and strategy.There is no magic in this carry through it is quite difficult, sometimes wearisome process of collecting and analyzing of information. A person, who forms vision of community, is not a magician he is a thoughtful strategist, who is able to risk. Vision is one of zones of leaders intelligence, which demands regular development and perfection. To tell with other words, vision is a description of the future that is attractive because it expresses t he first step of realizing values that are important to people (Charles Pfeffer, p.2)Lets see, what are the main worrys and difficulties, leaders face during implementing of vision for the future in the companies.Model of future is not attractive (or it is difficult to understand).First of all, a leader should create an attractive vision of future. He has to work out a strategic plan, which will indicate the main stages of development. What is also very important, the vision should not be different of strategic aims of company. The vision should show, which values will be achieved during implementation process. All workers should realize importance of working together and should understand the aims of company. Moreover, they arrest to understand and to share your vision.Dont forget that people are different and you have to work with them depending on their skills, abilities and status. A good model is corresponding a house made of cards each card should occupy its position when one card will fall down, it ruins the whole building. The same problem is in the company all the workers should understand the aims of organization and its vision for the future. When a worker doesnt understand the aim, he will not work effectively. stingy communication with workers.A good leader develops vision for the future by speaking. A good base for effective work is trust and good relations. When a leader explained to all workers, what he expects from them, he has to be opened for everybody to check results of fulfillment.You should be more open to the workers. The effective communication favors solving different kinds of problems forrader they become more serious. Paola Gamonal notes that you should raise the comfort level, make sure they know questions are always OK, your door is always (or at predictable intervals) open, and be instinctive to look at drafts and give feedback (Paola Gamonal, p.3)Bad motivation.Actually, I suppose that this is the most important problem w hen trying to sell an inspirational and aspirational vision for the future. I infer that motivation, ability to develop your qualities, ability to be responsible, readiness to make all efforts to achieve aims of company all these qualities already are present in people management cannot give those qualities to people. So, a good manager/leader is obliged to help people to realize and develop all those human qualities. A leader should be able to create such conditions in organization and to use such methods of work to help people to achieve their own aims only in case they make efforts in achievement of aims of organization.Even from economical point of view, people are considered as extremely expensive working resource, so they should be used with maximum effectiveness. For example, when a person gets a new job, he tries to make all efforts to develop himself from the best side. When he doesnt receive possibility to feel himself necessary, an independent worker, he becomes disappo inted in his work. As a consequence, he doesnt focus attention on quality of work, and doesnt work effectively for achievement of main aims of his company. This is also one of mistakes, which should be avoided. So, a good leader should estimate potential possibilities of a worker, giving him a happen to realize himself.In such a way, a leader should understand importance of ideal work for each definite worker. Such ideal work should have a) integrity (it means, it should bring to some definite result) b) should be considered as important and which has to be fulfilled (John P Kottler, p.115) c) should give possibility to worker to take decisions, necessary for its fulfillment (i.e. there should be a kind of autonomy, but within definite limits), or group autonomy d) should provide double-side connection with worker, should be estimated depending of effectiveness of his work and should bring to him fair remuneration.When you plan work in accordance with these principles, it provides a worker with internal satisfaction. It is very effective motivating factor, because it stimulates qualitative fulfillment of work and stimulates a worker to fulfill more difficult work, which leads to increase of effectiveness in particular and increase of effectiveness of work in the whole company as well.So, summarizing my position, a good leader should be able to provide his organization with effective model of vision for the future. The future of company depends on effective vision. There are some difficulties leader should take into account during selling an inspirational and aspirational vision for the future, which depend on external and internal factors.Those factors include communication with workers, bad or insufficient motivation inability to explain the vision for the future, to determine main factors and ideas of success, presenting attractive vision, to explain that important aims can be realized, to declare new possibilities. Leaders also face difficulties in speaki ng in ways that engage workers, to understand what is your audience and react wherefore (people are different and you should be aware that methods, which work for top managerial, doesnt work for executives, etc). Focusing attention on those difficulties will allow you avoiding a offspring of problems and will help you company to be more effective.Works Cited1.Leadership, Vision and Shared-mental Modeling by Ch. Pfeffer2. Vision Or, Whos Looking Out The Windshield? by P. Gamonal (c) Ravenwerks Website 20033.Leadership Without swooning Answers, by Heifitz, R., Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 19944.Leading Change Why Transformation Efforts Fail in Harvard Business Review by John P Kottler, Business Classics Fifteen Key Concepts for managerial Success. Harvard Business School Publishing Crop 1998

Noise Induced Hearing Loss Health And Social Care Essay

Hearing is a particular sense like no early(a) and indispensable to the communications among world. A departure of this esthesis has hidden cause and tends to insulate the unmarried enduring from it. One of the prima causes of sense of auditory modality personnel casualty which is unluckily intimatelyly preventable is an painting to re larger-than-life(p). Worldwide, about 16 % of disenabling sense of audition loss in grownups is attributed to occupational entropy 1 . This decrease in listening sharp-sightedness associated with echo image is referred to as Noise induce auditory sense loss ( NIHL ) . NIHLis progressively going one of the most common hearing upset encountered by Ent mans of this epoch. Excessive re big(a) in the environment has remote devising consequence on the hearing sharp-sightedness of a big population. Rapid industrialisation and urbanisation has resulted in perilously clattery environment impacting the health of 1000000s of raft throug hout the universe. Hearing loss receivable to inordinate noise is non limited to release topographic point but has become in any permeant and is chop-chop ontogeny into a planetary general wellness communication channel of keen order impacting the universe population irrespective of age, gender, cultural group or nationality.though developed states be easy conveying noise defilement under control, in developing states industrial and urban societal noise degrees be pronto change magnitude imputable to rapid industrialisation, burgeoning vehicular population, usage of amplifiers for advertisement, a broad scope of societal and recreational noise and deficiency of statute rightfulness or hapless exe pareion of Torahs. We are presently harvesting the crop of this unwanted addition in noise that is taking to an epidemic of hearing loss 2 . What is peculiarly baleful about NIHL is that it develops without the individual affected being cognizant of the fact that his heari ng has been damaged. By the square up this hearing loss is diagnosed, ir bilateral ill-treat to the hearing chemic mechanism would h sure-enough(a) constantly occurred and this remains to be the most of meaning practical phone line associated with noise 3 .Armed labors forces are at great hazard of developing NIHL. Exposure to fire weaponries, heavy weapon guns, armoured vehicular noise in the ground forces, railway locomotive manner noise and other noises on board ships, aircraft related noises in the Air Force are some of the thou why NIHL is a major(ip)(ip) wellness job in the Armed forces.Noise has physical physiologic and psychological intensions. Physic completelyy it is complex sound without any cyclicity and its features can non be analysed. Physiologically noise is a signal that bears no information and its stance varies indiscriminately. Psychologically noise is an unpleasant and unwanted sound. The temporal form of environmental noise can be uninterrupted ( st eady province ) , fluctuating, unprompted or intermittent. The strength of noise is mensurable in sound force per unit area degrees ( SPL ) and is expressed in dBs ( dubnium ) . Spectral form of frequence of a noise is measured in Hertz ( Hz ) . This subdivision attempts to supply an overview of effects of noise on hearing, the pathophysiology of NIHL, betimes sensing and forget of NIHL and legal and societal and issues in relation to NIHL.Historical positionThe consciousness that loud noise produces hearing loss has been recognized for 100s of emeritus ages. Even in the Bronze Age hearing loss is said to see existed due to the whipping and pound of Fe and bronze 4 . some of the ancient Greeks disliked noise and about 600BC Voluptuaries forbade metal work affecting pound of metals within metropolis bounds 3 . in time the earliest bing consult to the effects of noise on hearing appears to be an honoring recorded in the setoff century AD by Pliny, the senior in his infix ed report when he noted that those who dwell near the cataracts ( rapids ) of Nile were stricken deaf 5 . In 1713, Ramazzini tack hearing loss in coppersmiths who hammered Cu for their life. He anyhow recommended the usage of hearing defenders to forestall hearing loss. NIHL became a bigger job with the find of gun pulverization and the job got further deepen with industrial revolution. NIHL was recognized in United States, Germany and England in 1870s and 1880s. Thomas Barr likely conducted the first epidemiological study of NIHL in 1886 6 . He undertook a across-the-board study of hearing loss in boilermakers, Fe laminitiss and mailmans. He made sound recordings and established the survey of occupational hearing loss on a sound scientific footing. This survey has stood the trial of times as an ex mobile phoneent, nigh conceived and exe railsed survey on occupational hearing loss. In 1890 Habermann described the histology of NIHL in organ of Corti 7 . Fowler in 1928 obs erved the typical dip at 4 KHz due to NIHL 8 and Bunch in 1939 published the first audiometric lineament of NIHL showing the typical high frequence SNHL 9 . Immense technological progresss during the 2nd World War, more efficient but noisy machinery and rapid industrialisation lead to NIHL going a planetary job. More late the coming of amplified music, motorized conveyance, societal and community noise is presenting a upseting job of increasing NIHL 10, 11 . Though NIHL has been recognized for centuries, its rating, look into its pathophysiology, and bar schemes has acquired importance late.Consequence of noise on adult maleDepending upon the strength of sound and length of impression, either reversible or lasting inner(a) ear ill-use can happen. The effects of noise on adult male can be audile or non-auditory. The audile effects of noise on human ear are( a ) Auditory version( B ) Noise induced impermanent scepter displacement ( NITTS )( degree Celsius ) Noise induced lasting doorway displacement ( NIPTS )( vitamin D ) Acoustic blemishNon-auditory effects of noise include( a ) intervention with communicating( B ) Intervention with efficiency and work end product( degree Celsius ) Psychological effects like crossness and irritation( vitamin D ) perturbation to kip, rest in that respectby lending to tire( vitamin E ) Hypertension, peptic ulcer and other systemic unwellnesssAdaptationAuditory version is an immediate phenomenon that occurs when a sound is presented to the ear pretty promoting the threshold. For tiring sounds up to 80 dubnium SPL, the greatest version is produced for an indistinguishable frequence. The gist of residuary cover that remains after the surcease of stimulation is relative to the strength of the sound but is non dependent on the continuance of motion picture 2 . This is physiological phenomenon and for sounds up to 70 dubniums SPL recovery occurs in less than half a 2nd. The sound strength at which there is a cro ssing over from version to impermanent threshold displacement ( TTS ) is variable depending on the frequence, being high in dismantle frequences and humb conducter in higher frequences. The phenomenon of version correlatives with the decrease of action possible 12 .Noise Induced Temporary Threshold Shift ( NITTS )This is a short-run lift of hearing threshold that may follow exposure to loud sounds. Here, the lift of hearing threshold is reversible. TTS is a short-run consequence measured in proceedingss and yearss. The sum of TTS is straight relative to the strength of sound and continuance of exposure. Tones of higher frequence produce more TTS than tones of lower frequences 11 . TTS is normally associated with other auditory symptoms like tinnitus, loudness enlisting and diplacusis. TTS of more than 40 dubnium is frequently associated with some lasting defile to copper cells and some notice of lasting threshold displacement ( PTS ) occurs. TTS can besides follow exposure to both steady province noise and pulsing noise. The family a middlest TTS and PTS has been much investigated but the relationship remains ill-defined.Noise Induced Permanent Threshold Shift ( NIPTS )This is defined as lasting lift of hearing threshold due to exposure to inordinate noise. NIPTS is a consequence of chronic exposure to reasonably intensive noise in counterpoint to acoustic trauma that is due to a individual, short-run exposure to a really high strength sound. The mechanism of hurt to inner ear due to chronic noise exposure and acoustic injury are really diverse though both consequence in harm to cochlea and its cop cells.Acoustic TraumaThis is a status when there is a sudden harm to the ear due to intense short-run exposure or even a individual exposure to a really high strength noise. This normally occurs from pyrotechnics, little weaponries fire, gunfire and detonations. This non barely consequences in some harm to the interior ear but besides can damage t he tympanic membrane and ear bonelets in contrast to chronic NIHL where there is insidious devastation of organ of Corti peculiarly the outer hair cells ( OHCs ) and interior hair cells ( IHCs ) taking to lasting hearing loss 13 . The mechanism of hurt in acoustic injury appears to be strictly mechanical ab initio, followed by secondary decadency. After exposure to highly intense noise, histological alterations from mild swelling or writhing of OHCs to pycnosis of their karyons to finish absence of organ of Corti and rupture of Reissner s membrane have been noticed. Secondary devolution of ganglionic cells and nervus fibers will be noticed after several hebdomads 14 . Immediate traumatic alterations in acoustic injury can be satiaten as the consequence of an interaction between the kinetic energy of sound and mechanical be broadingss of cochlear constructions. Secondary alterations may so be due to chronic and mending procedure 15 .NOISE INDUCED HEARING LOSS ( NIHL )NIHL is the most common and most of import consequence of noise taint.Pathophysiology of NIHLExcessive sound degrees beyond small degrees produce a hostile acoustic environment and with drawn-out chronic exposure, harm to the cochlea occurs and produces NIHL. Permanent NIHL is a distinguishable pathological province exhi instanting a recognisable set of symptoms and nonsubjective marks. Specific characteristics of NIHL include( a ) Permanent sensorineural hearing loss with harm preponderantly to outer hair cells ( OHCs ) .( B ) fib of long term exposure to unsafe noise degrees ( & gt 85 dubnium for 8 hours per twenty-four hours )( degree Celsius ) Gradual loss of hearing over 5-10 old ages of exposure( vitamin D ) Hearing loss ab initio affecting higher frequences 3-8 KHz before affecting frequences below 2 KHz( vitamin E ) Speech address tonss inhabitent with audiometric form( degree Fahrenheit ) Hearing stabilizes one time the noise exposure is terminated.The cochlear hair cells are the prime lay of harm due to inordinate noise exposure. OHCs are most affected in the initial phases. Research in the yesteryear focused on mechanism of hurt and anatomical correlativity. Initial surveies were anatomical surveies based on the scheme of exposing animate beings to loud sounds followed by general histopathological correlativity of harm to cochlear constructions. recent surveies have attempted to set up structural and functional correlativity between morphological harm and hearing loss. Newer research utilizing electron microscopy and survey of ultrastructural alterations to hair cells have led to better apprehension of the harm and mechanisms of harm. A figure of mechanisms have been suggested for NIPTS. Some of the theories of harm to inner ear in NIPTS are( a ) Mechanical harm caused by amazing gesture of basilar membrane( B ) Metabolic exhaustion of hair cells( degree Celsius ) Severe vascular confining and ischemia of cochlear microvasculature due to inor dinate noise exposure( vitamin D ) Ionic instability and cellular harm due to break of ionic gradients of cochlear constructions.Hawkynss demonstrated vasoconstriction of cochlear microcirculation after drawn-out exposure to sound and speculate that vasoconstriction of the microcirculation of the basilar membrane and coiling ligament may stand for a direct chemical reaction to intense mechanical quivers or may be moderated by vasoactive humoral substances 16 . Although experimental research has non really pinpointed the mechanism of harm, the underway most convince morphological grounds suggests a combination of mechanical and chemical factors 13 . Ultra structural alterations in the stereocilia of OHCs in the signifier of tattered or blue rootlets are the initial pathological alterations in TTS and PTS 17, 18 . On go oning exposure a distinct but direct break consequences in the deadly mix up of endolymph and prerilymph through microbreaks in structural model of cochlear duct which cause secondary effects like loss of hair cells and their fit nervus fibres 19 . Both architectural pland cell death and mortification contribute to this cell decease 20 . The sum and type of direct cell harm depends on the strength of sound. When exposed to certain detrimental strength, the OHCs show marks of metabolic exhaustion with drooping of stereocilia. This correlates with TTS that recovers over a few hours. Higher sound degrees on drawn-out exposure harm the stereocilia further and this includes devastation of interior ciliary Bridgess. Recovery takes longer and is uncomplete. Further exposure lead to a prostration of stereocilia and eventual decease of OHCs. This corresponds to NIPTS 21 .Over the last 20 old ages, phenomenal research has occurred in the molecular and biochemical footing for NIHL. This is taking to a possibility of better preventative and healing schemes for NIHL. It appears that oxidative emphasis is a major cause for hair cell harm i n NIHL and drug induced ototoxicity. High strength noise produces high degrees of Reactive Oxygen species ( ROS ) , which damage the phospholipids in the hair cell membrane and atomic membrane. It besides increases the intracellular Ca and up regulates the cell decease cistron. This may be prevented or minimized by cut shoot downing the formation of ROS by administrating antioxidants like N-Acetyl Cysteine to heighten the endogenous antioxidant system 22 . Antioxidants like Glutathione protect the interior ear constructions from the detrimental effects of noise in experimental animate beings 23, 24 . The oncoming and progress of NIHL is besides related to feedback from central nervous system. It is well behaved established that the excitation of OHCs is fundamentally from motorial fibers but their maps were non good understood. It is now known that there is an active feedback system from CNS that may deject the contractile activity of OHCs and thereby cut down the stimulati on of matching IHCs. This may sharpen the frequence favoritism and perchance cut down the consequence of low dissembling sound on hair cells and thereby cut down the harm 11 . Another of import observation that has come to the notice of research workers is the phenomenon of conditioning or toughening of the ear. It is known that pre exposure to low strength sounds toughen or status the ear and offers protection against accompanying unwholesome effects of high strength noise. This may be due to up step of production of antioxidants like Glutathione 25, 26 . This fact has shining operation in inventing preventative schemes to cut down NIHL.In adult male the earliest and greatest histological harm due to take a hop trauma appears at about 10 millimeter from the ellipse window along the cochlear divider. Habermann in 1880 foremost demonstrated the disappearing of the organ of Corti and devastation of hair cells in a 75 old ages old adult male who had worked as a blacksm ith. Mcgill and Schuchnecht 27 , after histopathological scrutiny in 14 ears with NIHL inferred that morphological alterations consist chiefly of hair cell loss that is more terrible in the 9 millimeter to 13 mm part of cochlear canal. They besides lay down greater loss of OHCs. The country so damaged corresponds to the audiometric frequence of 4 KHz and they think that there is a good correlativity between NIPTS and spacial location of centripetal lesion harmonizing to the anatomical graduated table. Clark and Bohne 28 studied the cochlea of noise-exposed chinchilla and found that the step of auditory map showed that the harm to basal pleating of cochlea was associated with NIPTS from one to several higher frequences. However when PTS involved lower frequences, they found moderate loss of OHCs in the apical bend. Some research workers have concluded that in the survey of devolution forms in human ears exposed to resound show devolution form with knife border passage between all degenerated and seemingly undamaged countries to be characteristic of NIHL 29 . The natural advancement of NIHL is a predictable sequence of events with a little part of hair cell and nervus fiber devolution looking in the cochlea matching to 4 KHz notch. This distinct lesion grows bit by bit on farther exposure to sound to affect the greater part of organ of corti in the basal bend of the cochlea. Finally as the noise exposure continues over old ages, the staying sensational and nervous elements in the basal bend of cochlea are destroyed ensuing in an disconnected loss high frequence hearing 13 .Factors impact the Development of NIPTSApart from unsafe degrees of high strength noise that is chiefly responsible for NIHL there are a big figure of factors that affect the oncoming, advancement and hardness of NIHL. The chief factors impacting the development of NIHL are( a ) Physical factors- strength, continuance and frequence spectrum of noise.( B ) Biological factors Ind ividual susceptibleness, age, sex, familial and societal sensitivity, acoustic physiological reaction, Pneumatisation of mastoids, pre- exposure threshold( degree Celsius ) Pathological factors Synergistic effects of drugs and chemicals, other co-existing ear diseases.Intensity of ExposureAmerican Standard National Institute ( ANSI ) reported on a survey of 7000 audiograms of different industrial workers and found that in about 200 types of NIHL, the hearing loss could be correlated with sound force per unit area degree. Sound force per unit area degree in the frequence set of 300-600 Hz correlated with threshold displacement at 1 Khz and at 1200-2400 Hz the SPL correlated with threshold displacement at 4 KHz 30 . Most workers have found exponential addition in hearing losingss with increasing strengths and based on these surveies damage hazard standards sing safe degree continuance of exposure have been established.Duration of Exposure in that location is good established corre lativity between NIHL and continuance of exposure. With an mean work topographic point exposure of 90-94 dubniums everyday over a period 10 old ages, NIHL reaches its maximal and remains changeless thereafter 31 37 . The hearing loss in the higher frequences will halt progressing but it will distribute bit by bit to lower frequences. The major portion of the hearing loss occurs early in the first 2-3 old ages. In the ulterior old ages the hearing loss is normally grime with presbyacusis. When noise degrees ranges between 83 and 116 assumed name with acoustic energy concentrated in higher frequences, the hearing threshold additions in magnitude as a map of exposure durationA 32 .Individual SusceptibilitySusceptibility to inauspicious effects of noise is capable to tremendous fluctuation from single to single. In a group of plurality exposed to similar steady province noise over a drawn-out period, harm to hearing shows broad fluctuation. However, so far no individual factor t hat recognizes the susceptibleness of an person has been set. It is really of import to develop valid and dependable indices to foretell human susceptibleness to NIHL maintaining in take aim the magnitude of the job. received biologic characters unique to the person like stiffness of cochlear divider, thickness of basilar membrane and tectorial membrane, vascularity of cochlea and denseness of hair cells and their excitation may hold great bearing on single susceptibleness to NIHL 3 . A big figure of potentially of import variables like age, sex, race, efficiency of acoustic physiological reaction, fume wonts and presence of metabolic upsets like DM, high blood pressure have been investigated. There is no grounds to propose that there is any relationship between age and susceptibleness to NIHL 33 . The relationship between NIHL and presbyacusis or age related hearing loss is non good understood. However it is assumed that both are linear and in all individuals above the age of 50 old ages with NIHL, a presbyacusis rectification of 0.3 dubniums per twelvemonth for every twelvemonth above 50 old ages may be applied 31 . No gender preponderance to NIHL has been identified once and for all.Role of Acoustic ReflexIt is good known that when stapedius musculus, contracts it attenuates the transition of sound into interior ear by 30 dubnium. Variability in fatigability of acoustic physiological reaction may be one of the factors in single susceptibleness to resound injury 34 . It is besides documented that topics with hapless acoustic physiological reaction recorded a big TTS after exposure to resound. A bordering correlativity was found between TTS and latency clip of acoustic physiological reaction, its rise clip and its full activation clip 35 . Acoustic physiological reaction therefore may play an of import function in single susceptibleness to NIHL.Degree of MelaninisationThere is some grounds to propose that melanin may be an of import protective agent against noise. Carter studied the oculus coloring material and NIPTS and found that mean hearing degrees of otologically normal ears were poorer at 4 KHz in individuals with gently oculus coloring material than in people with dark colored eyes ( bespeaking a higher melanin pigmentation ) 36 . Peoples with bluish and light coloured pin may be more susceptible to NIHL. Melanin in striavascularis of cochlea may hold a protective consequence against noise 37 . Barrenas and Lindgren besides suggested that visible shaft coloured topics were susceptible to greater TTS on exposure to loud noise 38 .Drugs and ChemicalsMany drugs and chemicals have interactive action with noise in potentiating NIHL. The harm from terrible acoustic exposure is similar in many ways to ototoxicity produced by aminoglycosides. Many research workers have documented that a combination of noise and aminoglycosides is far more traumatic so either agent entirely 39, 40 . There is besides grounds that extra hearing loss may take topographic point when worlds are treated with acetylsalicylic acid and other non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs and exposed to high strength noise concomitantly 41 . Coincident exposure to environmental pollutants like C monoxide and noise produced more hearing loss than either agent entirely. A big figure of other chemical pollutants or chemical mediators in industries like methylbenzene, hexa-methyl quicksilver and lead ethanoate are potentially ototoxic agents and can potentially interact synergistically with noise and roleplay forth NIHL. There has been an increased focal point late on environmental pollutants like metals, organic dissolvers and their interaction with noise in bring forthing increasing hearing loss 42 . There has been some association between noise and quiver in individuals who work in cold conditions with manus held power tools, in particular, in those who hold out from Raynaud s phenomenon. These people are more prone fo r increased NIHL.SociacusisIt is non merely occupational and industrial noise that is unsafe to hearing wellness but besides the increasing cumulative effects of societal noise exposure in one s daily life that needs dangerous consideration. This societal noise exposure has been termed Sociacusis . Noise degrees in mundane life are on the addition. In add-on there are recreational activities that have potentially dubious noise degrees. In the urban scene, transit is the chief cause. Cars, trains, planes, bikes and the increasing usage of Diesel engines that are noisier than gasoline engines have all contributed to increasing societal noise. In some of the metropoliss of India this noise has been documented to make a degree up to 90 dubniums 43 which is clearly risky. A worker who is exposed to sound degrees of 88 dubnium for 8 hours at work, and so exposed to 94 assumed names sounds while transposing to and from work is at hazard of developing NIHL due to linear effects of so und. Vacuum cleaners, liquidizers and lawn mowers all add to the cumulative effects of sound at place. Noise degrees in public transit can be really high. In some metro systems noise degrees may make really high degrees 44 . Recreational noise can frequently make risky proportions. recruit crackers can give rise to sudden hearing loss in kids. Motorcycles, snowmobiles and concatenation proverbs result in damaging sound degrees. Pop and mark concerts and discotheques are a beginning of really high strength noise. Personal stereos and Cadmium participants can besides be potentially harmful. Lebo and Oliphant in every bit early as 1968 conducted surveies in Rock concerts and found SPL far transcending the bounds considered safe for drawn-out exposure 45 . Clark recorded sound degrees in extravagance of 100 dubnium in the audience of stone concerts 46 . Rock concerts produce TTS and tinnitus in most audience. Orchestral instrumentalists can be exposed to damaging sound forc e per unit area degrees and audiometric alterations consistent with NIHL may often develop 47 . Though community noise or sociacusis is of lesser magnitude than industrial or occupational noise, a larger population is exposed to it and its linear consequence can be important.Medical NoiseThere may be state of affairss in infirmaries where noise degrees can be risky to hearing wellness of people working in the infirmaries and patients. MRI units may bring forth sound degrees at patients head in surplus of 90 dubnium. These degrees are high plenty to do NIHL 48 . Surveies have shown that sound degrees produced by drills and suction units during ear military operation are high plenty to bring forth NIHL. Parkins, in 1980 documented that the coincident usage of suction and bore during ear surgery may bring forth sound degrees runing from 91- 108 dubnium 49 . This may be the cause for displacements in hearing threshold apparent on station op audiograms. DietzerKatzeet Al, Man and Winnerman, and Spencer and Reid have all documented really high noise degrees during mastoid and ear surgery due to the usage of drill and suction with a possible to do NIHL 50-52 . Kamal in an interesting survey showed early but definite NIHL in 50 % of topics working in orthopedic theater 53 . The beginning of the noise was identified as plaster proverb and air drills. There are besides studies sing harm to residual hearing by amplified noise in hearing disabled kids fitted with powerful hearing AIDSs 54 .Noise and Armed forcesNoise and noise induced hearing loss is job of immense magnitude in the Armed forces all over the universe. The forces of the ground forces, navy and the air force are exposed to really high strength noise produced as a consequence of the blazon that they use, the mechanical conveyance, aircraft and ships that they use. The nature of their business exposes them to resound degrees that can endanger their hearing. The members of Armed Forces and para-mi litary organisations are exposed to a combination of steady province noise and impulse noise of really high strengths and their unprotected ears are vulnerable to extensive hearing harm. In armed forces, forces functioning in certain subdivisions and trades are more vulnerable. In the ground forces, those functioning in the foot, heavy weapon, armoured corps and corps of applied scientists are at high hazard of developing NIHL. In the air force pilots, air animal trainers and air trade care forces are at high hazard. Similarly in the naval forces, engine room crewmans, gunnery crew, air trade bearer forces, frogmans and submariners are at high hazard of developing NIHL due to the nature of their occupations 55 . Kessar, in an audiometric study on heavy weapon forces of Indian Armed forces reported that 50.8 % heavy weapon forces had changing grades of NIHL compared to 14.1 % of controls 56 . In the same survey 86.5 % gunnery crew with more than 10years of do had moderate to sev ere NIHL. Raiet Al reported that 85.5 % naval gunnery crew evaluated audiometrically had NIHL 57 . In another survey noise degrees of 120 dubniums were recorded in the engine suites of naval ships and 78 % of engine room forces were found to hold NIHL of changing grades. Pawa KL, Singh VK and Venkatesh MD reported an all-embracing study of noise degrees on board Indian Naval ships and recorded an norm of 105 dubniums noise degrees in engine suites and besides reported that 70 % of the engine room crewmans evaluated were found to hold NIHL 58 . The badness of hearing loss increased linearly with length of service. Theyobserved increased exposure of frogmans to audiovestibular disfunction and noise is one the major subscribers to hearing loss in frogmans and submariners. An audiometric study of Indian Air Force forces revealed an overall prevalence of 22.9 % of NIHL 59 .Clinical characteristics of NIHLClinical characteristics of NIHL are frequently identical from other causes o f SNHL. The diagnose is based on elaborate history, physical scrutiny and appropriate audiometric rating. It is stressed that the diagnosing of NIHL is circumstantial and would necessitate a careful elaborate occupational history, household history and history sing recreational exposure to resound. From a medicolegal facet guidelines have been defined to help in labeling a instance as NIHL 60 . Another facet to maintain in head is that the people who are susceptible to NIHL can besides endure from other otological diseases like CSOM, Meniere s disease, otosclerosis, familial hearing loss etc and therefore all attempts at naming these conditions should be made before imputing the hearing loss to inordinate noise exposure. In a big series of NIHL in Ontario, 5 % of the survey group had other ear diseases as major cause for their hearing loss 61 . both history, physical marks or audiometric findings suggestive of cochlear or retro-cochlear hearing loss in a patient will necessit ate extended rating to get at a diagnosing. However, with a good history, physical scrutiny and a pure tone audiogram, it is possible to get at a diagnosing of NIHL and besides arrive at a decision that the hearing loss is attributable to resound 2 . NIHL and acoustic injury are constantly associated with tinnitus which is frequently raging. Many patients of chronic NIHL will hold tinnitus as their chief ailment.Audiometric ConfigurationThe 4 KHz notch is frequently considered a typical audiometric characteristic in NIHL paying attentionless of the frequence scope of the noise beginning. However, more frequently than non, the so called 4 KHz notch occurs in the scope of 3-6 KHz. 20 ( Fig. 10.12 and 10.13 ) . The most plausible account for the 4 KHz notch in pure tone audiogram is the resonance features of ear canal to sounds of different frequences with maximum harm misadventure one octave above the Centre of frequence scope of the noise. The wide set industrial noise is concen trated at 3 KHz due to peculiar anatomical constellation of EAC and hence maximum harm occurs in 4 KHz country of cochlea. It needs to be kept in head nevertheless that the absence of a notch does non except the diagnosing of NIHL 20 . Though NIHL is frequently described as bilateral and symmetrical, asymmetrical hearing losingss is non uncommon. In one survey 15 % of patients of NIHL had asymmetrical hearing loss. This may be because of other ear diseases, asymmetrical noise exposure or sometimes non explainable 62 . Pure tone audiology forms the footing of diagnosing and for compensation intents in NIHL. International standard 1999 ( ISO ) , has formulated guidelines for finding whether an audiogram conforms to the parametric quantities of NIHL. Electric rejoinder audiology may be of great aid in observing overdone hearing loss in compensatory claims. All other supra- threshold trials and spoken language audiology in NIHL would demo characteristics of cochlear hearing loss.O toacoustic Emission ( OAE ) in NIHLThe measuring Otoacoustic emanation ( OAE ) has become a simpler, non-invasive and nonsubjective tool to mensurate OHCs map, the pristine mark cell in NIHL. Both TAOAE and DPOAE have been studied in acoustic injury and NIHL. Some studies suggest that the amplitude of OAE lessenings even before there is noticeable pure tone threshold displacement in noise injury 63 . Early NIHL is characterized by unnatural OAE constellation corroborating some cochlear disfunction or harm with normal or near normal pure tone audiograms 64 . This has an of import bearing in the early diagnosing of NIHL and can even be utilized to observe single susceptibleness to NIHL 65 . The three-fold advantages of OAEs are that they are extremely sensitive, site specific, nonsubjective and ready to analyze and hence are ideal tools for supervising NIHL. DPOAEs are particularly well-suited for monitoring as the frequence scope of analysis extends beyond 8 KHz, which is go od beyond the 3-6 KHZ scope affected by NIHL. Therefore with a good DP gm one can confidently predict whether the hearing loss is due to resound exposure or non 66 ( Fig. 10.14 & A 10.15 ) . OAE analysis is a really sensitive index for presence or absence of hearing over 35-40 dubniums and can be a really helpful interrogatory tool for observing NIHL and exaggerated hearing loss.Newer Research Trends in NIHLSome fire research trends that offer more insight into basic pathophysiology of NIHL and possible development of newer curative schemes are( a ) Hair cell revolution( B ) contractable and molecular footing for NIHL( degree Celsius ) Toughening or preparation protocols by pre-exposure to low strength sounds anterior to exposure to high strength noise.( vitamin D ) Antioxidant therapy for NIHL and acoustic injuryIt is now an established fact that avian hair cells can renew undermentioned harm due to resound and ototoxic drugs 67 . Similar surveies on neonatal biddies h ave shown that hair cell regeneration occurs from back uping cells under the influence of acoustic harm 68 . A more recent mammalian survey has shown the ability of mammalian cochlea to renew hair cells following ototoxic harm 69 . The function of growing factors is being evaluated in act uponing this regeneration 70 .Recent research besides demonstrated the functional capableness of such regeneration 71 . Further research in this way appears rather promising and offers a possible healing intervention of noise and drug induced hearing loss. Antioxidants in the intervention of noise injury have been used with good consequences in the ague puting 22, 72, 73 . Clinical tests to formalize their usage are awaited. The function of conditioning or toughening of the ear by anterior exposure to low strength noise before exposure to damaging noise has been tried and carnal theoretical accounts have shown singular protection of interior ear hair cells, presumptively by increasing anti-oxidant degrees 74 . Though they have shown great promise in inventing newer remedy and preventative protocols against NIHL, they have limited practical applications at nowadays.Attempts are on to happen out if there are familial factors in the susceptibleness to NIHL. It has been seen that some strains of inbred mice are more susceptible to NIHL than others. Scientists are seeking to insulate a NIHL cistron to a chromosomal venue. Recently a recessionary cistron ( ALI ) that is responsible for premature age-related hearing loss has been shown to be related to inordinate susceptibleness to NIHL 75 . If such familial linkage can be established in human existences it opens up new views for testing for susceptibleness for NIHL and possible intervention of NIHL.Non Auditory Effects of NoiseA big figure of non- audile effects of NIHL that adversely affect the wellness of an person have been described. of the essence(p) nonspecific effects of NIHL are intervention with communica ting, hapless efficiency and work end product, crossness and irritation, perturbation of slumber and remainder and early fatigability. Some major systemic unwellnesss like high blood pressure, peptic ulcers, emotional agitation and mental unwellnesss have associated with NIHL. However, there is limited grounds to back up these associations.Treatment of NIHLAs is original for all types of sensorineural hearing losingss, NIHL unluckily can non be cured but it likely is the individual largest cause of preventable hearing loss all over the universe. The pronouncement Prevention is better than remedy holds true in NIHL and preventative steps and person-to-person hearing defenders are discussed later.As with any disease, where the pathogenesis is multifactorial, multiple intervention modes have been tried for NIHL with varying and at times conflicting consequences. Most intercessions would look to work for acute jobs like acute acoustic injury and NITTS where published literature abo unds. However, the job is compounded by the greatly varied rates of self-generated declaration. The function of hyperbaric O therapy ( HBOT ) has been evaluated and reported of benefit if commenced early 76 . The function of HBOT in acute acoustic injury is better studied and recommended where executable 77 . Some studies of acoustic injury being treated with a mixture of 10 % carbondioxide and 90 % O ( Carbogen ) are available in the literature. It is suggested that the vasodilatory consequence of carbogen prevents or reduces noise induced PTS following acoustic injuries 78 . The writers in their personal experience of handling acute acoustic injury with carbogen have found it utile in restricting the hearing loss. The function of accessory Vit E with Carbogen has shown to hold benefit in NITTS 73 . The fact that Magnesium can perforate the hematocochlear barrier and its comparative deficiency of side effects have led to research in istusease for acute acoustic injury with encouraging consequences 79 . The function of steroids have been investigated in NIHL besides. As with the intervention of sudden SNHL, intratympanic steroids appear to cut down outer hair snake pit loss in rats exposed to acute noise 80 . There is deficiency of conclusive grounds in the clinical use of intratympanic steroids though a recent study has shown good consequences 81 . Recent research has hovered in researching anti-oxidants to cut down the cry out to cochlea with promoting carnal surveies 72 .For more lasting threshold jobs, most intercessions do non demo any benefit and rehabilitation with hearing AIDSs is an first-class option in bettering the communicating position of people enduring from NIHL. Advanced digital and programmable hearing AIDSs offer really good quality of hearing betterment and should be generously prescribed.NIHL- Magnitude of job in developing statesNoise pollution is a planetary job of great magnitude and NIHL is possibly the individual lar gest cause of preventable hearing loss. In developed states it is the biggest compensatable occupational jeopardy and histories for about one tierce of all individuals enduring from hearing damage. Most of the developed states are bit by bit conveying noise under control. However in developing states the industrial and urban societal noise is on the rise and is doing serious environmental noise pollution. The hazard of NIHL from societal noise is increasing twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours for immature people in most underdeveloped states. This is due to rapid industrialisation, unchecked proliferation of cars particularly two Wheelers and autorickshaws with two shot engines. In many developing states there is a deficiency of statute law against noise pollution and, when nowadays, these Torahs are ill implemented. Therefore bar of occupational and environmental noise pollution must take top precedence in public wellness direction.Some of the studies from developing states of S outh Asia and South East Asia sing urban societal noise and its deductions are dismaying 82 . In Pakistan unchecked urbanisation has increased the noise degrees in metropoliss like Karachi, Lahore and Faisalabad. Road commerce particularly autorickshaws which do non hold silencers produce noise degrees up to 100 -110 dubnium. The mean ambient noise degree in the busy streets of Karachi was found to be above 90 dubnium. There is a high incidence of NIHL in the major industries of Pakistan particularly textile Millss and sheet metal industries. Though statute law against noise pollution and hearing preservation exists, it is ill implemented.In India thorough statute law for allowable ambient noise degrees in assorted countries, work topographic point noise criterions and noise criterions for motor vehicles exist but there is serious deficiency of execution Tables 10.25, 10.26, 10.27 . Traffic noise in busy intersections of larger metropoliss frequently reaches 100 dubnium. There is increasing incidence of NIHL in a big population that is at hazard. In a survey carried out in the metropolis of Pune in 2000 by the Department of ENT, Armed Forces Medical College revealed a traffic noise between 87-97 dubnium in busy intersections of the metropolis 83 . An audiometric study carried out by Singh VK, Mehta AK of 421 traffic police officers the metropolis of Pune, showed that 81.3 % of them showed some grade of NIHL and badness of NIHL increased linearly with length of service. In the same survey 225 autorikshaw drivers who are routinely exposed to loud traffic noise were besides audiometrically reviewed and 81.1 % of them were found to hold NIHL 84 . In a similar survey conducted on traffic police officers in 2000, 74.3 % of 207 police officers were found to hold NIHL of changing grades 83 . Thus sociacusis is going a major job in developing states and the job needs to be tackled on war terms.Damage hazard standardsHazard of NIHL has been found to hold a de finite relationship between strength of sound and continuance of exposure. Burns and Robinson 86 brought forth the construct of equal energy which suggests that lasting harm to hearing is related to entire sound energy which is merchandise of strength of sound in assumed name and continuance of exposure. They assumed that equal sum of energy causes equal hearing loss and concluded after extended research that the equal energy construct could be applied to finding day-to-day safe degrees of strength and exposure continuance to assorted noises. This translates into 8 hours day-to-day exposure to 90dB ambient noise and for every addition of 3 dubnium, the continuance of exposure is halved. For e.g. a 93 dubnium noise degree will allow merely 4 hours of exposure. This is the recognized norm in most European states. There is a suggestion that if the noise exposure is intermittent as in most industries, the ear has clip to retrieve from noise injury and hence a 4 dubnium halving and dou bling is more suited 11 . In the United States of America a 5 dubnium halving and doubling has been suggested by CHABA ( Committee on hearing, Bioacoustics and Biomechanics ) in mid 60 s. OSHA ( US occupational safety and hearing criterions ) permits a 5 dubnium halving and doubling of exposure and the criterion is known as LOSHA and the European criterion of 3 dubnium doubling and halving is known as Leq ( Table 10.28 ) . 90dBA has been universally accepted as safe strength of exposure up to 8 hours but there is instance for cut downing this bound to 85 dubnium and to originate hearing preservation programme from 85 assumed names flat 85 . These criterions can merely be adapted for steady province uninterrupted noise. Appropriate criterions for impact noise are non universally available.Hearing preservation ProgrammeNoise is the individual largest cause of preventable hearing loss and with of all time increasing degrees of noise in all walks of life NIHL has attained a planetar y importance. NIHL can non be cured with the current province of medical cognition. However it can be reduced and minimized, if non wholly prevented, by effectual hearing preservation programme. An effectual hearing preservation programme is a multi-disciplinary attempt necessitating enforceable statute law from the authoritiess, managerial engagement, technology and medical engagement. Alberti has suggested an ideal hearing preservation programme for occupational hearing loss that has eight stages 2 ( a ) Noise jeopardy designation( B ) Technology controls( degree Celsius ) Personal hearing protection( vitamin D ) Monitoring audiology( vitamin E ) Record maintaining( degree Fahrenheit ) Health instruction( g ) Enforcement( H ) Programme ratingHazardous noise degrees in the industry and work topographic point can be identified with preciseness sound degree metres. Periodic sound degree monitoring over moderately long periods to place potentially risky work topographic point enviro nment and effectual technology controls to cut down the degree of noise by alteration in the engineering or replacing or redesigning of machinery and other technology intercessions to cut down the noise degrees. Administrative controls like rigorous enforcement of prescribed clip of exposure depending on the sound degrees, proviso of less noisy work environment and effectual and periodic wellness instruction of workers sing bar of NIHL. However personal hearing defenders are most critical for bar of NIHL. A big assortment of personal hearing defenders like ear stoppers, ear muffs and canal caps are available with changing grades of fading. The most of import facet of personal hearing defenders is the regularity of usage. Unless the workers use them on a regular basis, they will be of no usage. Therefore, it is most indispensable to educate the workers. The most of import facet of taking a hearing defender device is worker comfort and the sanction of the worker utilizing it 88, 89 . The usage of single audiodosimeters are besides of importance in particular fortunes when it is required to measure the cumulative noise exposure of a individual exposed noise. The logging dosemeter integrates sound force per unit area over clip and a day-to-day noise degree with regard to current 90 dB/8hours per twenty-four hours exposure 14 .Hearing showing is besides a really of import measure in bar of occupational hearing loss. The map of hearing showing is to place those workers with hearing loss, place those whose hearing shows declining and to measure the effectivity of hearing testing programme 2 . Therefore periodic audiometric appraisal of workers at hazard is of paramount importance for early sensing of NIHL. Any alteration of 10 dubnium or greater in any frequence or an mean alteration of 10 dubnium or more in all frequences warrants a audience with ENT man for farther rating. The importance of record maintaining and periodic regular wellness instruction of work ers about the hurtful effects of noise and utilize personal hearing defenders can non be ignored in any hearing preservation programme.In developing states, bar of NIHL must be taken as a serious public wellness job and appropriate stairss demands to be taken on a precedence footing at the national degree. A WHO study suggests following steps in this respect 86 ( a ) National programme for bar of noise-induced hearing loss should be established in all states and integrated with primary wellness attention. This should include environmental and medical surveillance, noise decrease, effectual statute law, review, enforcement, wellness publicity and instruction, hearing preservation, compensation and preparation.( B ) Prevention of NIHL must be appropriate, equal, acceptable and low-cost.( degree Celsius ) Most of the population in developing states is nescient of the jeopardies of inordinate noise exposure. Awareness must be increased about the harmful effects of noise and about its bar and control of NIHL( vitamin D ) There is an acute deficit of dependable epidemiological informations on prevalence, hazard factors and costs of NIHL from developing states. There is an pressing demand of structured and controlled surveies in this respect.( vitamin E ) Research needs to be focused on pathophysiology, proficient steps for noise decrease, bettering personal hearing defenders and low cost medicines for bar( degree Fahrenheit ) Communication and coaction should be strengthened between developed and developing states to ease research and development in this field.DecisionsWithout uncertainty NIHL is the individual most of import cause for preventable hearing loss in this universe today. This job of noise pollution is turning and is presuming epidemic proportions in many developing states. It is to be appreciated that it is practically impossible to cut down noise degrees in industry and in our metropoliss to safe adequate degrees for infinite exposure. Educating peop le about inauspicious effects of noise and its bar and the usage of personal hearing protective devices are the major schemes against NIHL. There is an pressing demand to rush research on the cardinal mechanisms involved in NIHL so that preventative and healing steps to cut down or extenuate the lasting hearing harm due noise are evolved.